Association football and substitute goalkeeper Essay

The goalkeeper is the most specialised position in football. A goalkeeper’s job is mainly defensive: to guard the team’s goal from being breached (to not let the other team score). Goalkeeper is the only position defined in the Laws of the Game. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands and arms, however they are restricted to doing so only within their penalty area; for this reason, they must wear jerseys that distinguish them from other outfield players and the referee. If a goalkeeper is sent off or injured, and there is no substitute goalkeeper available, an outfield player must take the goalkeeper’s place and put on the appropriate identifying uniform.[3]. The discipline of goalkeeping is so specialised that it is very rare in the professional game for a goalkeeper to play in any other position. One notable exception is Jorge Campos of Mexico, who played effectively as a striker when called upon.[4]. A goalkeeper with good technical skill may opt to take his team’s penalties and free kicks though this is rare as the goalkeeper would be caught out of position if possession is conceded immediately after the kick. Josà © Luis Chilavert, formerly of Và ©lez Sà ¡rsfield and Paraguay, and Rogà ©rio Ceni of Sà £o Paulo and Brazil are well-known free-kick and penalty specialists with over 100 goals to their names. Hans-Jà ¶rg Butt is the goalkeeper to have scored in the most different competitions, having scored in all of Germany’s top four divisions, the German cup and the UEFA Champions League. [5][6][7] Physical strength, height, jumping ability and judgement are valued qualities for goalkeepers to have in order to deal with aerial balls and agility, quick reactions and a good positional sense are all needed for shot stopping.[8][9] The standard football skills of ball control, tackling, passing and dribbling are not usually required in a goalkeeper, although the introduction of the back-pass rule in the early 1990s has necessitated improvement on such skills.[10].

Development of Ophelia in Hamlet Essay

William Shakespeare in the play â€Å"Hamlet† develops the character of Ophelia in three unique stages. Initially, Ophelia is portrayed as a normal and obedient character. As the play progresses, she falls madly in love and ultimately goes insane. Ophelia progresses in a negative direction as the plot of the play moves on. In the beginning of the play Ophelia is depicted as the normal, obedient daughter. Laertes explains to Ophelia that even if Hamlet says he loves her, he may not be telling the truth. After Laertes speaks, Ophelia respects the personal knowledge on relationships that he has to offer. Ophelia accepts his speech and â€Å"shall the effect of this good lesson keep as watchman to [her] heart† (I, III, 48-49). Ophelia listened to Laertes’ advice and obediently accepts his guidance. Moment’s later Ophelia’s father, Polonius, requests that Ophelia stop seeing Hamlet. In response, Ophelia says, â€Å"I shall obey, my Lord† (I, III, 140). Polonius’ word appears to be of importance when Ophelia responds in such a compliant manner. Primarily, Ophelia is interpreted as a well-behaved teenage girl, however this depiction soon changes. Although Laertes and Polonius try to steer Ophelia in the right direction, she ends up falling almost irrationally in love with Hamlet. Ophelia’s utter obedience leaves her vulnerable to the abuse of Hamlet, who accuses her of being unfaithful and deceptive. Ophelia claims that Hamlet â€Å"took [her] by the wrist and held [her] hard† (II, I, 97). Although Hamlet physically abuses Ophelia, her love for him is stronger than him mistreating her. While Hamlet tells Ophelia that his love for her has departed, she is in utter shock and dismay. Ophelia responds with â€Å"O heavenly powers, restore him!† (III, I, 153). Ophelia cannot believe that Hamlet no longer loves her and wishes that he would love her again once more. Her love is clearly consuming her every thought. Although Hamlet no longer loves Ophelia she cannot accept or cope with this reality and the stress ultimately leads to her death. After Ophelia realizes that Hamlet no longer has feelings for her, she goes insane. Ophelia sings a vulgar song about a maiden who is tricked into losing her virginity with a false promise of marriage. While Ophelia is prancing around singing her outrageous song, she relates her song to Hamlet. Ophelia says, â€Å"Quoth she, before you tumbled me, you promised me to wed† (IV,V,62-63). Ophelia felt that they were going to get married and she believed that Hamlet was certainly going to propose to her. Later, Ophelia fell into the water and drowned. The Queen speaks up and says, â€Å"Till that her garments, heavy with their drink, pulled the poor wretch from her melodious lay to muddy death† (IV,VII,196-198). Rather than trying to save herself, she passively let herself drown because she didn’t care to continue living without Hamlet. In the end, Ophelia’s emotions controlled her, and these negative emotions led to her demise. Ophelia develops over the course of the play in a number of ways. Initially she is obedient and normal, and later turns into a girl controlled by love and eventually she commits suicide. Ophelia is a dynamic character that changes throughout the play. Her blind passion for Hamlet causes her to lose the ability to think or act rationally. Life, to her, is meaningless without him, and she chooses death over life. Ophelia surely progressed through the play in a negative manner.

Gender Inequality and Discrimination Essay

The working environment in the United States is still not free of gender discrimination. There are still many cases of arbitrary discrimination that come to the attention of the public, such as Chrapliwy v. Uniroyal. The court case challenged the system of Uniroyal Inc. (a rubber company), which employed mostly female workers in their footwear production division, while males dominated the other lines. This segregation is arbitrary gender discrimination, for there is no biological reason as to why women are more suited to working with footwear as opposed to men. Furthermore, there is an inequality in pay rate between men and women. In an article about gender differences, Time Magazine found that for every dollar a man makes at a certain job, a woman makes only $0.79 at the same job. This may be filed under arbitrary discrimination, for the benefits of this position are brought about by irrational decision-making. The question of gender should have nothing to do with the pay rate in cases that deal with the same employment opportunity. Sex discrimination is commonly defined as the â€Å"arbitrary or irrational use of gender in the awarding of benefits or positions†. In other words, even when a job does not relate to gender roles, the employer chooses to consider gender when hiring employees. For example, the job of a teacher is very gender-neutral; the job skills do not require anything special that only one sex provides. A construction worker, on the other hand, must be physically strong, and in this case, generally speaking more men are suited for this role. If a school principal were to hire a new teacher (from an applicant pool of both men and women) based solely on the fact that he doesn’t want to hire a woman, this is an example of arbitrary discrimination. The logic behind the decision is irrational, for the woman may be more qualified than the man, but the benefits are no t awarded to her only because of her gender. Kymlicka goes on to describe gender inequalities: these are already built-into jobs and positions so that women are at a disadvantage. Men have defined job roles and thus have made it more difficult for women to be suited for these roles. The most common example is  of jobs that require the employee to be free from childcare. This means that the employee is not the primary, full-time childcare provider. For example, lawyers work full-time, which is near impossible with young children to take care of. The raising of a child in itself is a full-time responsibility, so it is difficult to balance with a demanding career. In this case, Kymlicka would argue that men would naturally be more suited to the job of a lawyer because men have structured this job â€Å"in such a way as to make [it] incompatible with child-bearing and child-rearing, and which does not provide economic compensation for domestic labor†. In other words, because society views childrearing as the female’s role, and childrearing requires much time and attention, a lawyer is a male-suited role because it requires much time, which males ha ve. Although Will Kymlicka gives a good analysis of the gender discrimination and inequalities that happen in today’s society, his solution is not enough to answer the broader political and psychological question that society faces. Kymlicka argues, â€Å"Since the problem is domination, the solution is not only the absence of discrimination but the presence of power†. He says that if women could have the power to redefine the existing job roles (or if they would have had the power to define the job roles when they were created), â€Å"we would not have created a system of social roles that defines ‘male’ jobs as superior to ‘female’ jobs†. I believe that the real issue is not how women can redefine pre-existing jobs so that gender inequality is abolished; but rather, how can society change its prejudices towards the role of women through the restructuring of laws and policy implementation? Instead of changing job characteristics so that they become gender-neutral, society should look at men and women as equals so that women have an equal chance at fitting the demanding roles that have already been established. One can start by looking at a doctor as an example of a male-defined profession that is arguably becoming female-dominated. To become a doctor, much education is needed, and when this job was created, only men had the ability to get this higher education. The first woman to graduate from medical school (Elizabeth Blackwell) did so in 1849: much later than the men who graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1765. Now that the admissions gender ratio of medical schools are about even, this has ceased to be a â€Å"male† job; rather, it is gender neutral. On the other hand, the career of an attorney still has a major  discrepancy between the sexes. Even though 49% of law school graduates are female, they only make up 27% of licensed lawyers in the country. Obviously, the access to education is equal, and so does not contribute to the male dominance of this field. On the contrary, this job is male-suited because of the limitations that it poses for women who wish to have children. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the position of attorney is extremely time-demanding: lawyers are forced to work irregular hours, weekends, with 33% working over 50 hours per week. How can this job be redefined so as to allow more women to be competitive in the job market? Kymlicka would suggest that women be empowered to redefine the position to suit them better—this would mean redefining the position by not working as many hours. If it can be done, it will be difficult. The alternative to this solution is to go to the source of the problem: the gender roles that society already holds. Women are usually the primary source of childcare; this means that their employment opportunities are severely limited to those jobs that have flexible hours in which they could balance domestic and public/private sector work—jobs unlike that of a lawyer. If society would be more accepting of males being the primary caregiver for children, the number of males who either stay at home or take on less-demanding occupations would displace the high number of women who already fill this role. The women who would enter the job market would then be on equal terms with their male counterparts seeking the same demanding jobs. If society would view the two genders as equal for child rearing (e.g. women are not the majority of primary caretakers), there are still complications that arise from the roles, which are deterrents for women. For instance, even if the woman is not the primary caretaker of the child after pregnancy, this does not make up for the fact that there is still a period where she is unable to work due to pregnancy. In other words, the role of mother and father can never be fully equal because the mother has the extra responsibility of carrying the baby to term. However, if the social roles for each gender were to be equal, viewing paternity leave as mandatory could solve this problem. According to the Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health Protection Act of 1996, health plans must pay for at least 48-hour (vaginal) or 96-hour (caesarean) hospital stay afte r childbirth. This means that at the minimum, a woman should take two days off for maternity leave to recover, if nothing else. Although a man does not  need to physically recuperate from childbirth or pregnancy, he is still a parent of the child and should be viewed with equal consideration when dealing with childcare issues. By making paternity leave mandatory, employers could no longer discriminate between the sexes by accounting for the time lost due to pregnancy. This would not be a difficult policy to implement, considering 71% of fathers took advantage of paternity leave in 2007. To expand on the idea that the roles of the sexes cannot be equal in every aspect: mothers who choose to breastfeed are at a disadvantage, for they will likely take more days for maternity leave. Under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), a woman can take up to 12 weeks off of work. This option serves as a reason why an employer may not hire a woman, even if the social roles of men and women were equal. However, this can be easily fixed by creating an incentive for women to choose to formula-feed or to pump their breast milk—this would make it so that they could return to work as soon as a man would. The FMLA states that although maternity and paternity leaves are unpaid, health benefits still apply. These health benefits could extend to partially cover the cost of formula or a pump. Baby formula is very costly because of the quantity that is needed, and breast pumps and bags can range from $20 to over $200 (depending if it is manual or electric). By making alternative options to breastfeeding more accessible, women need not take more time off than men, and so gender inequality is invalid. Furthermore, even if society views gender roles equally, this does not account for the fact that the majority of men are physically superior to the majority of women when it comes to manual labor. Looking at any construction or shipping sites, one will find that if not entirely composed of men, almost all employees are male. Obviously, if the job is physically demanding and the male sex is the most equipped at handling physically demanding jobs, females will very rarely be more qualified for the job than a male applicant. This can be remedied by the use of technology. In today’s society, much manual labor can be handled my machines that are designed to lift even more than a human being can. These machines need not be operated by those physically superior. If we take manual labor out of the equation by adding technology, both sexes would have an equal opportunity at the job; this is considering the fact that neither sex is inferior in controlling technology. It is here where society can put aside sexual differences and  instead become â€Å"sex-blind†. A sex-blind society is one that does not take into account gender for the awarding of benefits through employment, opportunities, etc. There are many instances in which it would be helpful to have a sex-blind society, but there are some instances where different treatment of the sexes is justified. Kymlicka brings up the example of sex-segregated washrooms. These would not be considered discriminatory because the physical difference between the sexes calls for different treatment. Still, these instances are so rare and are so well justified that they should not interfere with the important notion of the sex-blind society. By eliminating the need for discrimination in manual labor due to physical differences through the implementation of technology, society can successfully become sex-blind and thus end gender discrimination. So to answer the question of how to change society’s prejudices towards the role of women, it is obvious that if minor changes are made to these demanding jobs, they can be viewed as gender-neutral. This in turn will allow more women to compete against men for a variety of jobs. Instead of redefining job roles, society must redefine gender roles through the lens of childrearing; this is so that jobs that are now limited to those individuals without the responsibility of childcare may become more gender-diverse in competition. Today’s society has all the resources needed to implement these changes—it’s just a matter of time until they are enacted in policies and eventually shift gender relations and stereotypes in favor of gender equality. Works Cited Armour, Stephanie. â€Å"Workplace tensions rise as dads seek family time.† USA Today, December 11, 2007. Accessed May 9, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/money/workplace/2007-12-10-working-dads_N.htm. â€Å"Chrapliwy v. Uniroyal.† Wikipedia. Accessed May 9, 2011. Last modified February 22, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrapliwy_v._Uniroyal. Cloud, John. â€Å"If Women Were More Like Men: Why Females Earn Less.† Time Magazine. Accessed May 9, 2011. Last modified October 3, 2008. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1847194,00.html. Kymlicka, Will. Sexual Equality and Discrimination: Difference vs. Dominance. 1990. In Morality and Moral Controversies: Readings in Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy, edited by John Arthur and Steven Scalet, 572-575. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. â€Å"Leave Benefits: Family & Medical Leave.† US Department of Labor. Accessed May 9, 2011. http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/benefits-leave/fmla.htm. Lewis, Jone Johnson. â€Å"Elizabeth Blackwell: First Woman Physician.† About: Women’s History. Accessed May 9, 2011. http://womenshistory.about.com/od/blackwellelizabeth/a/eliz_blackwell.htm. Lloyd, Mark Frazier. â€Å"The University of Pennsylvania: America’s First University.† University Archives and Records Center University of Pennsylvania. Accessed May 9, 2011. Last modified November 1999. http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/firstuniv.html. â€Å"Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health Protection Act.â €  US Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration. Accessed May 9, 2011. http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fsnmhafs.html. â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition, Lawyers.† Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed May 9, 2011. Last modified December 17, 2009. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos053.htm. Werner, Wendy. â€Å"Where Have the Women Attorneys Gone? .† Law Practice Today. Accessed May 9, 2011. Last modified May 2004. http://apps.americanbar.org/lpm/lpt/articles/mgt05041.html.

JPMorgan Chase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JPMorgan Chase - Essay Example Securities and Banks are also recognized as the most sensitive economic sectors which are on high risk of gambling due to multiple reasons such as increased internal money supply and violation of laws. Therefore they strongly require protection from agencies, for example, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). These agencies provide protection to Securities or Banks from gambling and fraud subsequently reducing the risk factor attached to them and also analyzes their overall operations and activities. This makes the role of these administrative agencies substantial so as to amplify the economic growth and development. To further explain this lets first consider the example of JP Morgan Chase’s gambling case of summer 2012 (Gordon, 2012). JP Morgan Chase is the leading bank of United States of America; the bank’s Chief Investment Office (CIO) declared a loss of $5.8 in summer 2012. The reasons put forward by the bank w ere concerning inappropriate investment decisions. In order to conceal the gambling case, the top management provided falsified reports of the year’s first quarter to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). ... On the other hand Chief Investment Officer, Ina Drew, watched over the responsibility of loss to the trading group. He left the bank soon after this event occurred. SEC along with FBI investigated the trading loss at the biggest bank of US with respect to assets (Gordon, 2012). Elements of a Valid Contract Contract is broadly defined as an official agreement between two parties which is then used by the court in order to make judgments. Generally contracts need to follow certain requirements so as to acquire validity and authenticity only after which they can be used by the court. Following are the main components of a Valid Contract (Laurence, 2013): Offer: It is the initial most element of a contract. It is basically a form of promise between two parties which then transforms into an official contract. Acceptance: Offer is subsequently followed by an acceptance from another party to whom the offer is made. The acceptance of an offer indicates that the other party has approved all t he rules and regulations presented in an offer. Consideration: One the offer is accepted then an exchange takes place between the two parties through consideration. In this case the other person gives something to the first person so as to verify the contract. Creating Legal Relations: Legal relations are created to establish consensus between two parties to legalize the contract so that its authenticity and validity increases. Certainty: It is yet another significant element of a valid contract which deems the rules and regulations stated in the contract. These should be clearly understood by both the parties. It includes details such as the time period of a particular contract. Capacity: Capacity defines the pre-requisites of entering into a contract. For instance,

CogTool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CogTool - Essay Example The types of modeling techniques used are AI and cognitive modeling. Examples of modeling are the following: Sisyphus, Project Halo, Ambr. Project and Predicting Cognitive Performance. The differences existing in the models depend on the person’s or team’s modeling approach. Predictions related to similar performing model take place because of a similar approach which remains unknown. Comparison of modelers relies on approaches used to predict time that is spent by skilled performers on the various user interfaces (UIs). Heuristic estimation techniques are compared to predictive human performance modeling approach, the Keystroke-Level Model (KLM). Method of Study The KLM approach was compared with data from 19 novice modelers in building two UIs tasks. The data was published originated from 8 novice modelers. The variance for the data collected was approximately 20%. This evaluator effect in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is revealed in various techniques of HCI. The 20% evaluator effect for all the techniques faced critics on use in KLM modeling technique because of its assumption that it predicted accuracy of 20%. The differences in modeler techniques are based on expected accuracy that emphasizes on behavior representation community. Attempts to reduce variation in modelers are provided for by tool-support for KLM analyses. The human-centered design (HCD) techniques used created CogTool, a tool to construct valid KLMs. Error Detection Detection for systemic errors was done on examination of eight KLM novice modelers. 87 operators were compared with inclusion of KLM created. Many common errors were detected. Overt steps essential for task operation were left out. Accurate follow up of the Ks, Ps, and Hs in KLMs was impossible, making the task unsuccessful. 88% of modelers experienced this error. 38% of the novice modelers included extra overt operators unnecessary for the task. The novice modelers experienced difficulties in applying Moran and Newell’s heuristics when placing M operators. This was characterized by uneven placing of Ms in the models. The errors discovered were analyzed through human centered design techniques that prompted design of CogTool (Bonnie). Results of Research: CogTool Project CogTool project allows UI designers to predict human performance modeling techniques analyze ideas in design from a quantitative approach before implementing ideas on resource investment. Error analysis mentioned was used as a guideline in design of CogTool project so that the errors identified could be eliminated to the utmost. Contextual inquiry was used to understand the challenges faced by modelers and the success of the project in suiting the workflow and culture of UI designers. Competitive analysis was used to assess what had been tried. Results obtained were considered in design of the project. Continuous analysis has made the tool of importance in today’s real-world design and evaluation processes. T his success enables it to be taught to HCI, UI design and Human Factor students. Using CogTool The procedure for KLM in CogTool is different from KLM done by hand. UI design is modeled on a graphical storyboard placed on widgets other than being listed by overt operators in spreadsheets separated from UI design. The widgets are in frames, representing what users see as they precede with others tasks. The frames are connected through transitions drawn from

Cheating Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cheating - Research Paper Example Academic integrity refers to the responsibility and honesty in academics. Tutors use assignments to help them gauge whether a student has understood a concept or not. In addition, the tutor further grades the students according to their performance. Academic misconduct refers to all dishonest and prohibited ways where a student tries to receive a higher grade in the academics (Soles 306). Misconduct leads to false misrepresentation of student knowledge and skills, and this undermines the tutors’ ability to gauge the performance of a student. Plagiarism involves the use of another person’s original words or image without giving proper credit. It involves presenting someone else’s work as if it is your own. Depending on the institutions policies and regulations, plagiarism attracts certain consequences ranging from rejection of the results or complete expulsion from the institution. Plagiarism can be either intentional due to student’s lack of knowledge on research or unintentionally due to the ignorance of the student (Ellis 259). Citation and referencing are other important rules of academic integrity. The two rules come with different styles, and they differ according to the institution. The primary used methods include the Harvard referencing system and the Vancouver referencing system. Institutions have come with their writing formats that the faculty and the students must adhere to. Some of the most popular formats include among others, American psychology association, modern learning association. The basis of all these formats is on Vancouver system or the Harvard system. Creating a climate of integrity within an institution is the most indispensable task of ensuring academic integrity. To make the task less challenging, organizations should follow the existing guidelines and policies on academic integrity (Gabriel 1). In addition, ensuring timely dissemination of information to new students and the faculty will

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example Amber has made an offer to pay David  £20,000 after supplying the computer software. David accepted the offer and by commencing to fulfil his obligations, David has simply accepted to be bound by the terms of the contract. The terms of the contract are that David would be paid  £20,000 and finish the contract by 30/05/04. Therefore there exists one of the essentials of a valid contract i.e. consensus and ideam a part from offer and acceptance. This principle refers to a ‘meeting of the minds’. It must be shown that both parties understand the subject matters of the contract before agreeing (assenting). None of the parties i.e. between David and Amber can deny knowledge to the terms of the contract. However, an offer terminates if a counter offer is made to them. This is a reply to an offer whose effects is to vary the terms of the original offer. A counter offer extinguishes the original offer and the person to whom it was originally made cannot move it. However, it can result in a contract if its terms are accepted by the original offers.

Discrimnation in medical care based on color and race Research Paper

Discrimnation in medical care based on color and race - Research Paper Example The first focuses on potential lack of general applicability of findings based on unrepresentative data gathered from race-biased samples, a concern which gains most of its force from implicitly or explicitly biological understandings of race. Of more concern to professionals who do not share that view, are the implications of racial disparity in clinical trials for the health of African-American patients (Mwaria, King); that Black patients are less likely to participate in research protocols makes them less likely to be among those first receiving the most advanced forms of medical intervention, and may contribute to general health inequality. In the 1990’s clinicians and researchers, backed by the Centers for Disease Control (Trubo 1994), The National Institutes of Health (NIH 1994) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA 1997), began to hunt for the â€Å"barriers† to African-American participation in clinical trials. Research concluded that the problem is complex and that patient beliefs, racist bias on the part of physicians and institutional and community constraints all play a role (King, Mwaria, Shavers-Hornaday, 1997). Despite the apparent complexity of the issue, much of this discussion centers primarily on African-American â€Å"distrust† of doctors and the healthcare system in general and clinical trials in particular(Corbie-Smith 1999, Dula, Friemuth 2001, Gamble, Shavers-Hornaday, , Thomas 1999, ), while a substantial number of papers argued that widespread credulity toward â€Å"conspiracy theories† among Black patients is a key component of their distrust and thus of their unwillingness to undergo experimental treatments. (Corbie-Smith , Friemuth, Simmons and Parsons, 1999, Thomas) Among the most outlandish—and well-analyzed—medical â€Å"conspiracy theories† are those concerning HIV/AIDS. Researchers have

Scotts Micracle-Gro Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scotts Micracle-Gro - Case Study Example Finally, a number of alternative solutions will be discussed and the most potential solution will be recommended for the company. Background of the situation The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company, commonly known as Scotts, was formed through the merger of Miracle-Gro and the Scotts Company in 1995 (The Scots Miracle-Gro Company, n.d). The company is headquartered at Marysville in the Ohio. Through this merger, the Scotts became the largest organization in the North American lawn and garden industry. The company rapidly grew to be a leader of lawn and garden care products as well as professional horticulture products. The company manufactures and sells various spreaders including drop spreaders, broadcast spreaders, and hand-held spreaders. As per the 2007 fiscal year annual report, the company achieved $2.7 billion net sales. Key Issues From the SWOT analysis, it is clearly identified that increasing labor rate and mounting electricity rates in California are the key threats to the Scotts. This issue is likely to reduce the firm’s profitability over the next fiscal years. In addition, the Scotts currently employs temporary workers so as to manage the declining demand for labor. This situation would probably lead to the formation of an inefficient workplace environment. Finally, avoidable overhead costs and growing current liabilities significantly threaten the firm’s operational efficiency. ... Alternative solutions One of the potential solutions for the company to curb this issue is to outsource the production of its spreaders to a low wage manufacturing country like China. By doing so, the Scotts can take advantages of cheap rate labor in China and thereby reduce the total cost of production to a great extent. In addition, it is also advisable for the company to hire more skilled and cheap foreign workers. This option may allow the company to cut down its labor costs without closing the operation of its Temecula manufacturing plant. Selected solution to the problem While closely analyzing the alternative solutions identified above, it is clear that the process of employment of foreign workers would involve a series of difficulties, and this strategy may not often guarantee a competitive workplace environment. Hence, I would choose the production outsourcing option. Setting of short term goals is vital for a firm to achieve its long term objectives (Strategy implementation ). The case scenario clearly indicates that creation of an automated plant is the major short term objective of the Scotts. The Scotts management believes that automated operations would greatly assist the company to cut down its labor costs as well as landed costs. The company continuously improves its operational efficiency through process innovations and R&D activities. Although labor costs in China are expected to increase noticeably over the next 10 years, it would be comparatively lower than that of the US. Hence, the outsourcing strategy would best fit the Scotts to trim down its labor costs in the short run. During the next ten years, Scotts may make its Temecula manufacturing plant fully automated and therefore the company can replant its production

History of Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Germany - Essay Example Although nominally a league of equals, in practice the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state, Prussia. The period of Bismarck was considered a golden era under whom, Germany rose to become one among the greatest powers of the world. The imperial crown was hereditary in the House of Hohenzollern, the kings of Prussia. The last king in the Prussian era was William II. William became internationally known for his aggressive foreign policy positions and strategic blunders which pushed the German Empire into political isolation and later into World War I. Under William II, Germany no longer had long-ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck. William II wanted Germany to have its "place in the sun" like the British Empire and set Germany to begin colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific. With much territory in Africa colonized, Germans got only a small share. This created a fight for power, which eventually triggered World War I. Emperor William II abdicated the throne and then Government received an armistice on November 11, 1918 which marked the end of World War I. It also signed the Humiliating Versailles treaty. The imperialism was succeeded by the democratic, yet flawed, Weimar Republic. It was doomed from the beginning since even moderates disliked it and extremists on both the left and right loathed it. It eventually brought Nazis led by Adolph Hitler to power. Nazism or National Socialism refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party under Adolph Hitler; and the policies adopted by the government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. It established a kind of imperialism on Germany and despised Jews and communists. It ruled Germany during the pre-war period and Hitler became "The Fhrer". He started World War II citing the humiliation of Germany in World War II. Germany was defeated by allied forces in the War. Following Germany's defeat in World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, Germany was split, representing the focus of the two global blocs in the east and west. International plans for the unification of Germany were made during the early years following the establishment of the two states, but to no avail. During the summer of 1989, rapid changes took place in East Germany, which ultimately led to German reunification. Only in 1990 would Germany be reunited. Towards end of the Century, Germany became the centre of attraction in European Union. It is one of the most industrialized and developed nations of the world. (The Causes of World War One (2004)) German Education: The German Empire had a strong influence on German culture, including its education. Kingdom of Prussia was among the first countries in the world (if not the first at all) to introduce free and generally compulsory primary education, consisting of an eight-year course of primary education, Volksschule. Under the German Empire the school system became more centralized. More secondary schools were established, and the state had the right to set standards and to supervise the newly established schools. Four different types of secondary schools developed: A nine-year classical Gymnasium (focusing on Latin and Greek or Hebrew, plus one modern language), a nine-year Realgymnasium

Summary of article on human intelligence or memory Essay

Summary of article on human intelligence or memory - Essay Example How alcohol affects the brain and the impact of heavy drinking on the brain and memory has always been a topic of research. Well, there are several factors that determine the severity of the affect of alcohol on the brain. Some of the factors include the quantity of alcohol being consumed by a person, age, gender and his or her general health status. Alcohol consumption can have noticeable impairments in memory only after a few drinks. And as the amount of alcohol consumption increases, the degree of impairment also increases accordingly. If one consumes alcohol regularly in an empty stomach, it can create a blackout and the drunken person fail to recall the events, if any. Blackouts have been found to be a common symptom among social drinkers regardless of age, and sex. A survey conducted on college undergraduates revealed that 51 percent experienced blackouts in some point in their lives while 40 percent experienced blackout one year before the survey ("Alcohol’s damaging effects," 2004). Many students however, reported that they could not even remember events such as vandalism, driving and unprotected sex. Both men and women experience black outs. A new research study reveals that regardless the amount of alcohol consumed, women’s tendency to black outs is more than males. And the result also shows that there is a significant difference in alcohol metabolism in males and females. In addition, the result shows that females may be more susceptible to alcohol than males. Does the above outcome show that women are more vulnerable to alcohol’s effects on the brain? Well, many studies reveal that women are more vulnerable than men. Alcoholic women develop various problems including cirrhosis, heart muscle damage and nerve damage. However, studies regarding the sensitivity to alcohol-induced brain damage in men and women have not been as convincing yet. However, brain shrinkage

Olivio Assignment Business Law Essay Example for Free

Olivio Assignment Business Law Essay After reading the above and based on the definition of larceny in the text, is if fair to convict a person for larceny if he did not leave the premises without paying for the property in his possession? Does intent to deprive have anything to do with the outcome of a case of larceny? What do you think? Also, should the penalty for larceny vary, depending on where the individual is caught or the dollar value of the good taken? Explain According to NYS penal law (155. 05), â€Å"A person steals property and commits larceny when, with intent to deprive another of property or to appropriate the same to himself or to a third person, he wrongfully takes, obtains or withholds such property from an owner thereof†. So I believe it is fair to convict a person for larceny even if he or she did not actually leave the premises without paying for the property in his or her possession. In the case of Olivio, the story clearly stated that he stopped to look around several times, which confirms that his motive was indeed to steal the merchandise- the story also stated that he ran right past the cash registers in order to make an exit with the merchandise which further confirms that he intended to take the merchandise without paying. Which shows intent to deprive.. I believe the penalty for larceny should vary depending on the dollar value of the merchandise that was taken- I however do not think that the penalty should vary according to where the individual is caught. Where the individual is caught is irrelevant- what matters is retrieving the merchandise and or property that was stolen and punishing the person who stole it.

Self awareness in persons with brain injury

Self awareness in persons with brain injury Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a major medical issue which can affect anyone regardless of class, race, ethnicity, gender, or age. It can be defined as damage to the brain, which occurs after birth and is not related to a congenital or a degenerative disease. These impairments may be temporary or permanent and cause partial functional disability or psychosocial maladjustment (Brain Injury Association, 2009). People who have sustained an acquired brain injury are not easily pinpointed in society due to the lack of external symptomology, and therefore ABI is usually referred to as the hidden disability. This title, named accordingly, is due to the extensive damage to their cognitive and social functioning and less to do with their physical appearance, which in many cases remained unchanged. So what causes ABI, and who can be affected by it? This type of injury can occur due to a series of incidents, and anyone can be affected by it. Some possible incidents include a road traffic accident, a fall, an assault, a stroke which causes damage to the brain, complications during brain surgery, tumours, viral infections, or lack of oxygen to the brain (a possible result of a heart attack, hypoxia, or anoxia). ABI can be split into two types traumatic and non-traumatic. A traumatic brain injury can occur due to a closed or open injury. The more common type, closed injury, occurs when the brain is bounced around in the skull due to a blow to the head, such as the impact from a road traffic accident. What this impact results in is damage to the brain tissue. An open injury, on the other hand, occurs when an object such as a bullet, fractures the skull and enters the brain (Headway, 2009). This type of injury is less common and usually damages a specific part of the brain, therefor e resulting in specific problems. The other type, non-traumatic injury, is simply one that does not occur as a result of a trauma, such as a stroke or a tumour. Prevalence of ABI is unknown within Ireland, however Headway (2009), an Irish organisation specialising in brain injury rehabilitation, accumulated ABI data from various countries and applied this to an Irish population in order to estimate the prevalence. With this information they suggested that between 9,000 and 11,000 people sustain a traumatic brain injury each year in Ireland. They estimated that there are approximately 30,000 people in Ireland between the ages of 16-65 with long term problems following trauma to the brain, and that the 15-29 year old group are three times more likely to sustain a brain injury than any other group. Another Irish study, OBrien Phillips (1994), recorded individual patient details for all head injury admissions to the Neurosurgical Unit at Beaumont Hospital, Dublin. They estimated a prevalence of head injury among patients in Ireland to be approximately 13,441 per year, which is just slightly higher than Headways (2009) estimation. Results from t he 225 patients they studied portrayed that road traffic accidents accounted for 48% of injuries sustained (the largest proportion), and falls accounted for 36%. The researchers also found that between 1987 and 1993 there were 3,154 people killed and 64,971 injured on Irish roads. Alcohol consumption prior to the injury was also found in 31% of cases. In a larger study, Tagliaferri et al. (2006) attempted to locate the prevalence rate of brain injury, this time in Europe. They claimed that the absence of prevalence data hampers the full assessment of medical treatment and rehabilitation needs (p. 265) and that prevalence studies in Europe are essential, and should be undertaken extensively. With this in mind they suggest that brain injury patients will increase by 775,500 each year in the EU, and that 6,246,400 people are alive with some degree of TBI [traumatic brain injury] (p. 260). Thus we can conclude from these studies that Ireland has a prevalence rate of ABI from about 9,000 to 13,5000, a slight impingement upon Europes figures, but a worryingly high statistic for Ireland alone. There are three levels of brain injury, which indicate the severity of the neurological injury mild, moderate, and severe brain injury. To qualify for a mild brain injury, one must score between 13 15 on the Glascow Coma Scale, which records the conscious state of a person. This type of brain injury can occur due to a brief loss of consciousness, and the patient may present himself or herself as confused, and suffering from a concussion. Symptoms that occur within this severity of brain injury are predominantly headaches, fatigue, irritability, sensitivity to noise or light, balance and memory problems, nausea, decreased speed of thinking, depression, and mood swings. A moderate traumatic brain injury can be diagnosed when the patient scores a 9 12 on the Glascow Coma Scale. This injury occurs when there is a loss of consciousness that lasts from a few minutes to a few hours, and confusion lasts from days to weeks. Patients in this category usually make a good recovery with treatm ent. The last level of brain injury is severe brain injury, and this occurs when there is a prolonged unconscious state or coma that lasts days, weeks, or months. This category can be categorized into subgroups of coma, vegetative state, persistent vegetative state, minimally responsive state, akinetic mutism, and locked-in syndrome. (Brain Injury Association, 2009). There are many changes and consequences that affect a person after they have suffered from an acquired brain injury, whether mild, moderate, or severe. These changes may be temporary, improving in time, or permanent, dictating the way they live the rest of their lives. Not only do the changes affect the victim, but they also affect the victims support system (i.e. their surrounding family and community). Each brain injury is unique and subject to change, and depending on the severity of the injury, a patient will witness cognitive changes shifts in the ability to think and learn, affecting memory, concentration, flexibility, communication, insight, and responses. Physical changes will also be apparent in the form of fatigue, headaches, chronic pain, visual and hearing problems, and sexual function. Behavioural changes may include impulsivity, irritability, inappropriate behaviour, self-centredness, depression, lack of initiative, and sexual behaviour. Challenging Behaviour As stated earlier, most people who have a head injury are left with a change in the form of their emotional or behavioural pattern. This is inevitable as the brain is the seat and control centre of all our emotions and behaviour (Powell, 1994, p.96). With this in mind, challenging behaviour alone has become synonymous with ABI as one of the main behavioural deficits that occur following injury. The literature of ABI has accentuated that challenging behaviour presents the most significant behavioural disturbance within this diagnosis, and can pose serious problems for their recovery, their family, and also their community. Kelly et al. (2008) provided evidence that challenging behaviours have often been associated with risks such as family disintegration, loss of accommodation, reduced access to rehabilitation or community facilities and legal charges (p.457). Results of their study indicated that 94% of the patients they studied showed broad behavioural disturbance, with 60% engaging in four or more behaviour problems (p.463). However, due to convergent opinions on what constitutes a challenging behaviour, defining such behaviour has become difficult. However, Headway Ireland (2009) have made one such attempt to define challenging behaviour: any behaviour, or lack of behaviour of such intensity, frequency and/or duration that has the potential to cause distress or harm to clients/carers/staff or one which creates feelings of discomfort, powerlessness, frustration, fear or anxiety. It is also behaviour, which delays or limits access to ordinary community facilities and is outside socially acceptable norms. As mentioned earlier, types of behavioural problems that may occur following an acquired brain injury include agitation, depression, anxiety, self-centredness, withdrawal, physical aggression, increased/decreased libido, impulsivity, self harm, restlessness, paranoia, and many others. As each brain injury is unique, some patients may suffer with some symptoms, whereas others may not. Each person is entirely unique, with severities and symptoms being completely individual. So why exactly do patients suffering from an ABI present with challenging behaviours? Powell (1994) suggests that there seems to be four main reasons why these challenging behaviours exist: (a) direct neurological damage; (b) exaggeration of previous personality; (c) the stresses of adjustment; and (d) the environment the person lives in (p.97). With regards to direct neurological damage, the challenging behaviour results directly from the damage done to the certain area of the brain. Many of the challenging behaviours stem from damage done to the frontal lobes, which are important for the regulation of emotions, motivation, sexual libido, self-control and self-awareness. Following a brain injury, the patients existing personality traits, tendencies, and problems may be exaggerated, it is as if the controls or brakes which modify and regulate the personality have been loosened, and traits and mannerisms become distorted and exaggerated (p.97). It is highly important for the professio nals working along side the patient to be aware of the patients previous personality when attempting to understand their challenging behaviour. Thirdly, stress of adjustment can also be a major contributor to the challenging behaviour that persists in patients with ABI. Finding out that one can no longer do the simple things in life anymore, such as play their favourite sport or instrument, can be extremely frustrating and stressful for the patient. It is more likely that under these extreme conditions of stress that one would become more angry and irritable, and become more preoccupied with their problems than before. Finally, the social and physical environment can also contribute to the onset of behavioural problems. The social environment relates to the natural supports surrounding the patient such as family, friends, neighbours, and professional staff, whereas the physical environment depicts the patients setting, whether its an institutional setting or a family home. Taking in to consideration both the social and physical environment, if the person suffering from ABI is not understood, and communication and support is poor, then their behaviour is likely to deteriorate as a result. It is crucial for the patient to be in the correct environment to reap the best opportunities possible. How others respond to the challenging behaviour of a person with an ABI plays a crucial role in the rehabilitation process, as well as the quality of life of family and friends surrounding the patient. Of concern is the setting in which the patient is located these behaviours can endure and worsen over time, particularly in unstructured settings where there is often little control over the environmental contingencies that govern behaviour (Kelly et al., 2006). Alderman (2001) has stated how behaviour modification programmes can create profound changes within the neurorehabilitation setting. There exists an amalgamation of research conducted in this area with some very mentionable results. Watson et al. (2000) conducted a case study on patient, JH, who had sustained a brain injury as a result of a gunshot wound, and developed severe behavioural problems. A differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) intervention was devised for 85 weeks, which allowed JH the opportunity to gain stars at the end of the day if he had absolved from aggressive behaviour to a created limit. This treatment resulted in JHs level of Clopixol being reduced from three times a day, down to two without any side effects on his challenging behaviour. DRL has demonstrated the effectiveness in reducing both the frequency and severity of aggressive behaviour 10 years after a very severe TBI had been sustained (p.1011). Other studies stress different approaches to treatment of challenging behaviours, such as remedial behaviour therapy approaches, or Rothwell et al. (1999) who suggest the main emphasis in treating challenging behaviours should be upon behavioural assessment as it engenders an empathic understanding of what is often offensive behaviour, which helps reduce the stress experienced by the people affected by the behaviour and leads to respectful, individualized and holistic interventions (p.530). Self-Awareness As mentioned earlier, challenging behaviour is synonymous with ABI, however deficits in self-awareness have also been well established in the literature to be evident in patients with brain injury. Impaired self-awareness poses great challenges for rehabilitation, and also for the safety of the patient suffering from the ABI. Self-awareness can be defined as the capacity to perceive the self in relatively objective terms while maintaining a sense of subjectivity (Prigtano Schacter, 1991, p. 13). The ability to think subjectively and objectively of ourselves, and to adjust our behaviours accordingly, are abilities that are often overlooked, but are none-the-less crucial for daily living, and integration into society. These skills are commonly impaired following a brain injury, as both are constructs associated with executive functions and related to frontal-executive systems dysfunction (Goverover et al. 2007, p. 913). Oddy et al. (1985) undertook a study in a bid to portray the implications of a decreased level of self-awareness (specifically behavioural limitations) after traumatic brain injury. The researchers asked patients and their surrounding families to describe the behavioural problems that prevailed seven years following the brain injuries occurrence. The results noted that patients tended to underestimate their problems in comparison to their families reports. For example, 53% of patients noted that memory problems were the most common long term difficulty, whereas 79% of the families noted memory problems as significant sequelae. Also, patients failed to report two problems that the families reported. 40% of the families noted that the patient behaved in a much more childlike manner, and also that the patients refused to admit to their difficulties. This study brought to light the issue of self-awareness impairment. We have so far spoken of self awareness deficits and its prevalence within people who have ABI, but what exactly are the implications of such a deficit? It is widely suggested that an increased impairment of self-awareness is associated with increased problems in most other areas of the patients life. For example, Larn et al. (1998) studied that ABI patients with poor self-awareness show less compliance and participation during treatment in rehabilitation. Malec Degiorgio (2002) found that ABI patients with decreased level of self-awareness are considerably more at risk of being referred for more intensive rehabilitation. Malec et al. (2000) found that such patients require longer lengths of stay in rehabilitation; Sherer et al. (2003) found that patients are more likely to be associated with a poorer functional status at time of discharge from rehabilitation. Ezrachi et al. (1991) found that deficits in a patients level of self-awareness is foretelling of a low rate of return to em ployment following a brain injury. And finally, Ergh et al. (2002) found that a high level of impairment of self-awareness with the ABI patient is reflective of higher distress among caregivers (as cited in High, 2005). With regards to treatment of impaired self-awareness in individuals with ABI, there is a vast range of methods which have been studied. Crosson et al. (1989) have shown that group therapy programmes can be beneficial in increasing intellectual awareness. Zhou et al. (1996) studied three adult males who were trained in knowledge of ABI residuals using a game format to present training information (p. 1). Results suggested that all participants increased their knowledge relating to areas of behaviour, emotion, cognition, communication, physical, and sensory residuals. Many studies have exemplified the role of observation and feedback to improve individuals level of self-awareness. For example, Schlund (1999) undertook a case study of a 21-year-old male who was a TBI survivor and was 5 years post-injury. Results of this study showed that report-performance measurement, feedback and review, positively altered the patients awareness deficit. However, observation and feedback are not witho ut its faults as Bieman-Copland Dywan (2000) point out. Their study suggested that direct feedback becomes confrontational and can lead to agitation among patients with severe brain injury. This study highlights the need for each treatment to be individualised to ensure the best possible outcomes of treatment. Fleming et al. (2006) evaluated the usefulness of an individualised occupation-based approach for participants dealing with ABI, specifically with regards to the level of self-awareness and emotional status. The unique focus of the program was the use of meaningful occupations to provide the individuals with experiential feedback of their current level of ability through the use of self-monitoring and supportive therapist feedback (p. 51). The results supported the use of this type of therapy in increasing self-awareness, and that occupational performance may be highly important in increasing the self-awareness of people with ABI. Finally, Goverover et al. (2007) conducted a randomised controlled study on the self-awareness treatment model, stipulated upon Toglia and Kirks model (2000). Their study provided evidence for experiencing different tasks and everyday activities for enhancing self-awareness and self-regulation. Although treatment of impaired self-awareness is crucial for the patients full recovery, it has been studied that increasing the level of self-awareness in ABI patients can also have some negative consequences. Fleming Strong (1995) suggested that the belief that increased self-awareness is essential for positive outcomes in rehabilitation and needs to undergo further investigation, as a literature review suggests that the development of self-awareness can be associated with emotional distress in the individual (p. 55). This study further exemplifies the necessity to create individual treatment plans when in rehabilitation. Interventions With technology constantly advancing in the medical sector, it is evident that sustaining a brain injury no longer suggests a death sentence. With this in consideration, the emphasis has shifted towards rehabilitation of those who have sustained such an injury in order to help them attain the best quality of life possible. Many interventions have been conducted and researched for improving self-awareness, and also for managing challenging behaviours, which directly improve the life of the patient. There are limited studies focusing on the effectiveness of interventions in reducing self-awareness deficits, and whether these interventions contribute to positive outcomes in rehabilitation. However, in a literature review, Lucas Fleming (2005) suggest that interventions in self-awareness can be broken into two categories restorative/facilitatory, or compensatory. Within the restorative/facilitatory category, education, direct feedback, and experiential feedback [are] the most frequently recommended (p.163), with others such as behavioural therapy, psychotherapy and rating of task performance also being recommended. Education relates to ensuring the patient understands his or her injury and the impairments that this injury brings. This can be delivered through a variety of ways such as group therapy, visual aids, and support groups. Direct feedback following a task performance can be used to facilitate intellectual, emergency, and anticipatory awareness (p.164), whereas experient ial feedback allows the patient to go through difficulty in a real-life situation and is useful in emergent and anticipatory awareness (p.164). Compensatory strategies then As noted earlier, challenging behaviours and problematic social interaction have been liked to individuals with brain injury, which result in an amelioration of difficulties in areas such as family life, integration into the community and employment, to name but a few. Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) works with environmental stimuli that impede on the challenging behaviour, and it is behavioral [sic] research in the field of brain injury rehabilitation [that] is an effective means of identifying techniques for reducing challenging behaviours and improving adaptive skills (Selznick Gurdin, Huber Cochran, 2005, p.15). This research is extensive and incorporates many different behavioural interventions, all of which have been proven to be successful. Within schools and residential programs, intervention procedures have been undertaken to reduce challenging behaviours that disrupt academic behaviour. Feeney Ylvisaker (1995) incorporated antecedent treatment using graphic organizers, curing, plan-do-review routines, and inclusion of the participant in decision-making. This treatment reduced the intensity and frequency of aggressive behaviour evident in three males with TBI. Gardner, Bird, Maguire, Carrario, Abenaim (2003) also reduced challenging behaviours using antecedent control procedures, however their success was due to interspersal and fading techniques. Selznick Savage (2000) examined self-monitoring methods for individuals who had sustained a brain injury. These methods proved to be effective for increasing attending, academic responding, and task accuracy as well as for improving social skills with individuals with behaviour disorders, mental retardation, and learning disabilities (p.243 ). This study found that on-tas k behaviour increased to 89 100% for three boys with brain injury when these self monitoring procedures were undertaken. Consequence-based interventions have also been studied extensively in this area and prove to have significant positive results. Peck, Potoczny-Gray, and Luiselli (1999) used instructional motor activities when a 15 year old boy with ABI showed signs of stereotypy in the classroom. This intervention reduced stereotypy and maintained its reduction when treatment was faded. Within the rehabilitation area, there has been extensive research depicting behavioural procedures that reduce challenging behaviour. Hegel (1988) implemented a token economy system to an 18 year old boy with a brain injury during therapy session in order to reduce his disruptive vocalizations and his noncompliance. As a result of the token economy system, his vocalizations decreased and his achieved goals increased. On a similar note, Silver et al. (1994) used a monetary reward system on a 12 year old girl with an anoxic brain injury. This was incorporated in a bid to improve her performance of morning tasks. She was reinforced with one penny for each step that she correctly completed. Reinforcement was gradually faded, and by the end of the intervention her verbal cues and physical assistance had decreased by 70 92%. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (DRA) has also been proven to be successful in reducing challenging behaviour. Slifer et al. (1993) used this tech nique with extinction, response cost, and a token economy, to reduce disruptive behaviour. In most cases, DRA reduced disruptive behaviour and also increased compliance. From examining these studies, it suggests that various reinforcement procedures may facilitate more efficient therapeutic goal attainment and subsequent home and community reintegration (Gurdin et al. 2005, p.12). Purpose of current study The purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of self-awareness and challenging behaviours in persons with acquired brain injury, intervention types, and success ratings. This study will incorporate a sample of Irish patients who have ABI, which is presently absence in the research conducted to date. It will also provide information on what intervention types are most regularly used among persons with ABI, and the success ratings of such intervention types.

Chinese Negotiation Vs American Negotiation

Chinese Negotiation Vs American Negotiation This is an intercultural assignment for the subject Intercultural Sales Negotiation.. I am a student of the minor Latin American Business Studies. In the minor Latin American Business Studies that I am following, we got the assignment to study the Guanxi case and to do some research into the Chinese and US culture related to negotiation meetings. The last part of this assignment will be that I have to prepare a role of an American party in a negotiation standing between Electrowide and Motosuzhou. In this assignment you can expect the following subjects: there will be a short description of different cultures in the world. Next subject will be an intercultural research about the Chinese and US cultures and in which these various cultures will influence negotiation attitudes and positions. After this there will be a preparation about the Guanxi case. This preparation includes: BATNA, ideals, fallbacks, needs/priorities, assumptions and strategies/tactics. In this preparation there will be also quoted explicitly when and in what way the research has affected the preparation. Intercultural research between American and Chinese people doing negotiation The world has a lot of people. The people who are living in different parts of the world are not all the same. They belong to a certain culture. A culture includes the customs and traditions of a certain nation from a certain country. This includes the set of values, nutrition, diet, clothing, religion, music and dance. We can divide the world in several main cultures like: North American, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin American, Middle East/ African and Asian culture. During negotiation around the world you have to know the differences between all these different cultures. Doing some research before going into a negotiation is very important. This is important because there could appear some misunderstandings because of the differences in culture. If you work in a global commercial environment it is useful to have some knowledge of the impact of these cultural differences. This is one of the keys to international business success during negotiation. Regarding to these differences of culture, we now going to zoom in into the Chinese culture and the American culture doing negotiation with each other. We are going to look in what way the various cultures of American and Chinese people will influence negotiation attitudes and positions.   Chinese way of negotiation: If we look at the way Chinese business people negotiate, they are very different in comparison with other countries. They are very different in terms on how they approach a business negotiation. For Chinese business people a negotiation is more like an exchange of information. A getting to know you process. They consider it as a formal discussion. They are willing to negotiate for a long time to get to know each other and to create a long time partnership. The reason willing to negotiate for a long time is to get as much as information out of you. If they manage to get enough information out of you, they can adjust their arguments on what you are saying. They can also use all those information that you are telling them against you eventually. China is a society of high-context. This means that in this kind of society you do not have to say or write to much to make clear what you are meaning. For the Chinese business people it is not only verbal communication, but also a lot of non-verbal communication to express yourself. You only have to make a little part of your message explicit, because most of the information is already implicit in the environment or in the assumed prior knowledge of the person. The Chinese business people do not like the direct word no. They will find it very rude and disrespectful. It is better to avoid to say the word no to the Chinese party. It is difficult to avoid to say no, but there are several ways to say no indirectly. Little example: In the Western culture they would say: No, we cannot do that and in the Chinese culture would say: That may be difficult for us to do so. So it is really important that you think very clearly how you going to disagree to a Chinese party. An option is to shift you responsibility for your decisions to something else in the negotiation. If you do say no to a Chinese person you will lose face (mianzi in Chinese). This means that you are losing your good reputation and social standing compared to you Chinese business associate. This could be not good for the business negotiation. Chinese people are very good in saying no indirectly. The style of the Chinese business people of saying no is to apply objections to disagree with a proposal. Chinese are very collectively set. Functioning/thinking as a group and having a good relationship between parties has a big importance in the Chinese society. Relationship is called in Chinese: Guanxi. During negotiation this is very important for the Chinese business people to create with the other party. If you manage to have a good Guanxi with the other it is much easier to negotiate and to reach your goals. During the negotiation with your Chinese associate you have find out if you are talking with the right person who makes the final decisions. The fact is that it is very common in the Chinese way of negotiating that the person who makes the final decisions is not the person who is sitting in front of you but someone else. These people are intermediaries. This is because there is a hierargy in the Chinese society. This means they have limited authority in making final decisions. If you know it is not the right person in front of you who makes the final decisions, you can expect that they first have to discuss it with their companions before making the final deal. Chinese people appreciate if their foreign party speaks their language. As a foreign party this will improve your status compared to the Chinese party. Chinese people love to negotiate for a long time to make you impatient and exhausted to get the best deal possible out of it. They want you to feel like you need them more then they need you. At last Chinese culture is based on a survival of the fittest culture. They will say to the other party that they want the best deal for both, but the truth is that they doesnt mean that seriously. They want to have a win-lose deal. Win-win is mostly not an option. American way of negotiation: If we look at the way American business people negotiate, they are totally the opposite in doing negotiation then the Chinese business people. Americans want to negotiate to reach their goal, to make the best deal out of it and at the end to make a contract right away. Americans are very individual minded. For them counts the fewer the people the less confusion the quicker of making a deal. Time is money for them so they want to get the negotiation done in a hurry. This behavior is a big disadvantage for the Chinese people who want to make to negotiation as long as possible. The use the situation of the Americans willing to do everything as quick as possible. Americans are very straight to the point. They just want to reach their goals and do not look at the whole of the topic. If they would do that more they maybe could get more out of the deal. Americans do not like to negotiate. They are very informal when doing negotiations. Because Americans are very individualistic they have full authority during negotiations. They want to lead the negotiation and they want to make the final decisions. They are not an intermediary. They make a lot of proposals and they like to talk a lot. Unlike China, America is a low context society. They are a society which uses a lot of verbal communication. This makes it very hard for Americans to understand the Chinese, because it isnt always the words, it is the meaning behind the words which are important. Conclusion It is good for an American to understand how the culture of the Chinese business people works. Because if you dont, it would be difficult to get the best deal out of the negotiation. As an American it is important that you can adapt the behaviors of the Chinese. Be flexible. If you can try to speak their language this will improve your position compared to the Chinese. Do not be impatient, because the Chinese will use this against you. Find the right person to talk to, because if you are talking to an intermediary you know that he/she isnt the person who makes the final decisions. Try to minimize your nos to be not disrespectful and rude. Try to put your no in a indirect way. Be careful with giving too much information. Chinese are active listeners. They want to make you talk. Try to get an exchange of information. When you negotiate with your Chinese partner the most important thing you need to do is to established the relationship/partnership (Guanxi). The Guanxi in Jeopardy case Now that I have done the research about the Chinese and the American culture, I am now going to look how these differences in culture apply to the  ´Guanxi in Jeopardy ´ case. Description of the situation Our company Electrowide We are a multibillion dollar ($5B) manufacturer company called Electro wide located in the United States. We are a company which manufactures a broad range of automotive electronics products. Looking at the todays ever increasing competitive automotive electronics and becoming more proactive in this kind of market, we are undergoing a massive structural reformation. The purpose of this reformation is that the companys various product line departments have more autonomy. So that eventually each department will be responsible for its own profit and loss statements. One of our key strategic objectives is to become a big rival in the market of Asia. We are looking for an Asian associate to help manufacture and sell engine management systems that run emission-control, fuel nozzle, and ignition systems for Chinese-made vehicles. In the first place the output would be sold to the Chinese market with future plans to export later. We believe, as the company Electrowide, that the partnership with the Chinese associate will play a important role not only in the promotion of Electrowide business growth, but also in providing product development expertise in the region. The Chinese company Motosuzhou Motosuzhou is an enterprise of the Beijing municipal government. This small company has a top-heavy hierarchy with a representative director overseeing daily operations and various supervisors in charge of functional units. This means decision making is top-down. The company runs its own operations free from government intervention. Its labor force is consists mainly of rural employees. The companys strength is in achieving economies of scale in assembly-line manufacturing of engine control subassemblies. The competition in the local market is beginning to grow. Motosuzhous reason to do business with a foreign company is to develop a long-lasting relationship that will work in harmony with local government policies. Also acquire technology through transfer by importing equipment and designs and adapt them to the automotive industry in China. They do not want to fail in the eyes of the government or the community. The role We as the company Electrowide are interested in Motosuzhou because of the Chinese companys technical proficiency in its design of automotive subsystems. Obtaining this kind of knowledge would give Motosuzhou a competitive advantage in the industry. Motosuzhou would also rely on Electrowide because of financing most of the cost incurred in establishing the joint venture. The objective of Electrowide is to establish a joint venture with Motosuzhou of China to conduct manufacturing operations in China. Batna (best alternative to negotiating on agreement) Before we start to negotiate with Motosuzhou we need a steady BATNA (Best alternative to a negotiation agreement). Our BATNA is very important, because we cannot make a wise decision about whether to accept the negotiated agreement unless we know what our alternative is. Having a good BATNA increases our negotiating power to make a good deal out of it. So if the negotiation is not working we always can fall back on our BATNA. But the main point of our BATNA is to make us in a steady and strong position related to the other party Motosuzhou. Regarding to our study of the situation we have determined that we have a moderate BATNA compared to the Motosuzhou. We assume that we have a moderate BATNA considering the fact that China is becoming worlds number one economy. It is predicted that by the year of 2025, Chinas economy will be by far the largest economy in the world. Throughout all the years, China always has been a independent country. They would prefer not to get any help from abroad. They want to solve their own problems and deal with their own situations. This could also be the reason for Motosuzhou to choose to do business by themselves and try to improve their own situation without any help of Electrowide. If this would occur our BATNA would be as follow: we will have a look on certain other strong economic developed countries to do business with. If we look at Japan we also could do business with them or else we could do business with Brasil which is becoming quickly a strong economic country. Ideals Regarding to the ideals, we would like Motosuzhou to sign a contract for the joint venture. One of the ideals is that Motosuzhou will help us to manufacture and sell engine management systems that run emission-control, fuel nozzle, and ignition systems for Chinese-made vehicles. The output of this production would be sold to the Chinese market. After that we would like to export this output as soon as possible abroad. Another ideal would be that both parties Electrowide and Motosuzhou finance each 50% of the investments incurred in establishing the joint venture. This would be a good offer, because the joint venture will eventually have advantages for both parties. Fallbacks Regarding to the fallbacks, our fallback will be that Motosuzhou is not willing to sign the contract to start the joint venture. That they do not agree with the terms and conditions that we have set. This will mean that we have to find other business people to negotiate about starting a joint venture. Another fallback will be that Electrowide would finance most of the cost incurred in establishing the joint venture instead of the 50%-50% division what we had set as an ideal. Needs/Priorities Deciding our priorities will allow us to be more efficient, since not all issues tend to be equally important. In the first place we need to keep in mind that we are doing business with a different culture. We know that they could look at certain issues differently than us. This is why a good culture research is extremely important. This is our main priority to look at before doing business. Because we are in their country and we have to respect their rules and values. To have a good position compared to the Chinese associate our priority is to study their priorities they want to see from a foreign company. This means that we have to be respectful, honest and trustful towards our Chinese associates. We have to be patient and not willing to do a quick deal, because it is also good for us to search out all the issues that will emerge starting a joint venture. We have to look for a long-lasting relationship to have a good position and to have a good chance of reaching our contract with them. It is also pre if I could speak their language or anyone else of my team. So that they can see that I am really trying to get to know their culture and that I am interested in them. The second priority is to reach an agreement for having a joint venture in the future with Motosuzhou. By understanding their culture and willing to have a long-lasting partnership it would be easier for us to come to a agreement. We have to take the time to get to know each other. The final priority would be that both parties Electrowide and Motosuzhou finance each 50% of the investments incurred in establishing the joint venture. This would be a good offer, because the joint venture will eventually have advantages for both parties. Assumptions During my research I have investigate how the Chinese culture will influence the negotiation attitudes and positions. I assume that during this negotiation about the joint venture, they will set up a cool attitude and that will be very introvert and formal. They want to see what we have to say and what we have to offer. They want to see if we are a company who will offer them opportunities for expanding their business on the Chinese market and not only trying to make the best deal for ourselves. We assume that they first want to get to know us better. They will look if we are potential for them to create a long term relationship with. They would also trying to get as much as possible out of the deal. They will put us on a test, by coming with exaggerated offers to look how far they are able to go with us. We assume that the negotiation could last a long time. This will be one of their tactics knowing that Americans do not like to have a long negotiation. They will use a lot of silent moments because they know Americans will be uncomfortable with that. They know that if they negotiate as long as possible the American will give up and easily agree with a certain proposal. They will try to use our impatient against ourselves. We also assume that they are going to look for a good relationship (Guanxi). We assume that building a good relationship will take a lot of time. This means that we have to accept that for making a good deal. Strategies and tactics Given our moderate BATNA, a bargaining approach will be used during the negotiation. This will be the only approach we can use, because of our moderate position to negotiate against the other party and because of the differences in culture. During the research we have found out that they are growing in their bargaining stance. In order to negotiate we will trade options with each other. We will use the tactic of giving and taking. It will be a back and forth during the negotiation. With the right approach of bargaining we could make some arranges which will give eventually a win-win situation for both parties. We want to have a contract to build the joint venture and if we have an agreement they want us to finance most of the cost incurred in establishing the joint venture. This means that we have to look for the possibilities and this will explain our bargaining approach. We have to keep in mind that we do not have yet a good relationship with the Chinese. We should not demand to mu ch of the other party. In the future we can look for other opportunities, but first it is important to build a good relationship. It is good for an American to understand how the culture of the Chinese business people works. Because if you dont, it would be difficult to get the best deal out of the negotiation. As an American it is important that you can adapt the behaviors of the Chinese. Be flexible. If you can try to speak their language this will improve your position compared to the Chinese. Do not be impatient, because the Chinese will use this against you. Find the right person to talk to, because if you are talking to an intermediary you know that he/she isnt the person who makes the final decisions. Try to minimize your nos to be not disrespectful and rude. Try to put your no in a indirect way. Be careful with giving too much information. Chinese are active listeners. They want to make you talk. Try to get an exchange of information (bargaining). When you negotiate with you r Chinese partner the most important thing you need to do is to established the relationship/partnership (Guanxi). Furthermore, a lot of body language as eye contact will be used. Finally, active listening will be very important also used to confirm understanding.

Beowulf - Profile Of An Epic Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

There are stories told all over the world handed down from generation to generation. Some remember these stories by memory, but are lost in time, and some write them down to be remembered forever as a part of history. Beowulf is one such story that has been mysteriously remembered for many centuries. I’ve very much enjoyed reading Beowulf. However, since this story has been around for so long many people have added, reduced, or omitted bits and pieces of the story. In other words, it has become an almost epic legend, never knowing if it was real or if it is rumor. And like any rumor being told to others, the story gets better and better over time like a fine wine. Since this poem has been around for many centuries, it is clear in much of the readings that Christianity is highly incorporated, even though the poem is composed of a Scandinavian hero that is pagan and the poem gives us an overview of what Anglo-Saxon culture would have been like. Most scholars are sure that this p oem was composed in England and that it was written sometime between the 8th and 11th century. We read in many books that during the 6th and 7th century, England was converting to Christianity. In view of the fact that most of the sayings in Beowulf are Germanic paganistic sayings I believe that since the narrator was Christian, he incorporated many of the sayings to be in beatitude form and that it seems clear that he only referred to one god instead of many which is the ideal way of Paganism. When w...

How to Change Oil in a Car Essay -- Car Driving Changing Oil Process E

How to Change Oil in a Car Owning a car is usually a significant investment for an individual. Changing the oil on your car plays an important part to help keep it functioning at peak performance and to ensure that your vehicle last for many miles. You might wonder how often does the oil need changing. Well, manufactures advise that the oil is changed every 3,000 miles or every three months, whichever occurs first. Changing the oil is not an extremely difficult task, but it is always good to have someone else there, who has done this before, to help if needed. I would also suggest finding an outfit you wouldn’t mind getting dirty and a pair of rubber gloves to keep your hands clean. The key to keeping any task, especially this one, flowing smoothly is gathering all the materials so they are within reach. Having the materials near helps the process go by quickly, for you are not constantly stopping to search for materials needed at that time. First, you need to figure out what type of oil your car uses and how many quarts of oil are needed. This information can be found in your owners manual along with the type of oil filter your car takes. It is an essential step because there are many different types of engine oil and it is important to use the correct type. Same rule applies to your oil filter. There is a specific oil filter designed for each car. Can’t find the owners manual? Run to your local auto parts store and they can look it up for you. While you’re there, you can pick up your oil and oil filter. Also needed for the project is an adjustable wrench or a socket wrench, and an oil filter wrench. A jack along with two jack stands comes in handy when having enough room to work under the car. Wheel blocks are go... ...o do this, pull out the dipstick, wipe it clean on a rag, and reinsert it. Remove the dipstick again and check that the oil level reaches correct marking (full). If not put more oil in until the oil level is correct. Almost done! Remove the drain pan and transfer the old oil into the containers, using the funnel to avoid spills. Dispose of the used oil properly. Take the used motor oil to a local service or repair shop to take it in and have it recycled. Use the jack to raise the car back and remove the jack stands. Again, slowly lower the car down to the ground. Remove the wheel blocks, for they are no longer needed. Wipe up tools and put them away. Remember to write down your milage and date so you will remember when your car is due for the next oil change. That is all there is to it. You now know how to change the oil on a car and it was not that difficult.

My Fathers Heart Attack Essay -- Personal Narrative Heart Attack Medi

My Father's Heart Attack In March of 1998, my father was rushed to the hospital because of a heart attack. I remember getting home from basketball practice without my mother home. Instead, my sister was there with her children. The fact that my sister was there was familiar to me, but something did not seem right. My sister stayed with me and did not tell me what happened. Later that night, after my sister left, the news that followed would prepare me to encounter the most defining moment of my life. She told me that mom needed to tell me something. She proceeded to tell me that my father had had a heart attack and that I had a choice to come down to the hospital or not to come. She told me it was a scary sight, and if I didn?t think I could handle it that I should stay home. I was overwhelmed with fear and grief at that moment that my mind just stopped working. I remember thinking all I wanted was to be with my mom and my dad. I showed up at the hospital about thirty minutes later. I was so scared and did not know what to expect. I did not know if my father was dead, ...

Reading books which are related to real events Essay

Reading books which are related to real events, real people, and established facts brings about more knowledge, information and news. It is beneficial to learn how the knowledge is available. People have to read these books for studying, research, improving their brainstorm, or being about their career fields. However, reading other books leads people to get advantage as well. In my opinion, I strongly disagree with this idea. I am going to explain my reasons. Firstly, there are various kinds of books that are useful for enhancing thinking strength. It is not only text books but also fictional books such as detective fictions. For instance, Conan, which is regarded as a Japanese criminal-issued investigation comic, is widespread reading of both children and adults in Thailand. It may help readers to stimulate their powerful thought. If they observe and analyze scenario, they may find something that seems wrong in scenes so as to find out who is the criminal. Besides, the strategy planning books are also advantage to people’s thinking. These books describe how the way to success is and influence them to attempt to get their aim. Secondly, some kinds of books make people relax and entertain. People have to do their work or responsibilities almost every day and it may be hard and stressful to do well. They sometimes need the funny books such as novels or comics that help them to release their tension and cause their amusement and enjoyment although these books are less benefit to gain knowledge. Additionally, reading only a real event or fact book may have effect on children to be extremely bored and they should be deemed reading fictional books necessary in order that they will not neglect and will be interested in reading books upholding their imaginations. They should not be restricted reading only at text books. There are many other books which can be used as materials for students beyond the class of study. It gives rise to be creative and encourage their literacy. To illustrate, Harry Potter, which is a fantasy novel, has a great number of alphabet and seven series so far, but there have been a lot of children from all over the places reading this novel. Moreover, some of the readers use their free time for writing  fan-fictions of Harry Potter, which are stories coming from their imaginations on the other side of the main story. In conclusion, Reading books that are about not only real people, real events and established facts is more significant for people to improve their thinking power, to relax and entertain themselves in their leisure time. Furthermore, it is essential for children to arouse their imaginations, writing and reading abilities.

The blue head

From deep pissing supply system came the crocodile. Out of disastrous pee, curved with whirlpools, and Into the frill of gold sh everyows by the stepping-st iodines. He was twice the length of a t solely man and inside him, among the st adepts which he had swallowed to lad digestion, rolled a fluent bracelet. Timber was being floated raze this large(p) Indian river from fo remnants further up, and in that location were sleepers be stuck a set the marks until someone came to dislodge them and mail them on their way, or until floods lifted them and Jostled them on.The crocodile had no need to hide himself. He came to loosening In the rubbishy shallows, among logs, and balanced at that place on tiptoe on the cockle sand, with only his raised eyeball proscribed of the slopped system, and raised nostrils br beathing the clean rejoiced short letter. A dress circle him broad sparkling water traveled amidst cliffs and cheat on and set hills. A jungle bob came divu lge of scrub apiece side and slew to the sun-whitened stepping-stones on which a minuscule tyrant bird was flirting and trilling along.The mugger crocodile, blackish dark-brownish above and yellowy white chthonic, lay motionless, equal to sojourn for ever bank viands came. This antediluvian saurian?this prehistoric Juggernaut, erectors and formid satisfactory, a vast force in the water, propelled by the unimaginable and irresistible power of the Brobdingnagian hobo, lay lapped by ripples, a pounding in his throat. His m show uph, running almost the unharmed length of his extend, was destinationd and fixed in that evil bony smile, and where the yellow excepttocks came up to It, It was tinged with parking area.From the day, perchance a c years ago, when the sun had hatched him in a sandbank, and he had broken his shell, and got his draw appear and looked around, ready to snap at eachthing out front he was even up in rich hatched?from that day, when he ad at once do for the water, ready to resist for himself Immediately. He had pop morosed by his brainless trickery and ferocity. Escaping the birds of prey and the gigantic carnivorous fishes that eat baby crocodiles, he has prospered, catching all the pabulum he needed, and storing it till putrid In holes in the bank.Tepid water to live in and plenty of rotted food grew him to his great length. Now nonhing could lunge the inch-thick armored hide. non even croak bullets, which would bounce dour. Only the eyes and the crackers underarms offered a place. He lived sanitary In the river, sunning himself some prison terms with other crocodiles?muggers, as well as the long-snorted fish-eating sharply? on unattackable gemstones and sandbanks where the sun dried the the Great Compromiser on them quite white, and where they could plop off into the water in a The hulky crocodile cater mostly on fish, exclusively excessively on deer and monkeys come to drink, perchance a duck o r deuce. nonwithstanding(a) sometimes here at the ford he fed on a pi-dog full of parasites or a skeleton cow. And sometimes he went guttle to the burning Ghats and implant the half-burned bodies of Indians cast into the stream. Beside him in the shoals as he lay delay glimmered a grisly gem. It was not a gem, though it was sand-worn glass that had been rolling closely in the river for a long time. By chance, it was perforated rectify done?the neck of a store perhaps? ?a pitiful bead.In the call noisy village above the ford, out of a mud house the kindred tint as the ground came a unretentive(a) girl, a thin starveling tike dressed in an earth-colored t move. She had torn the rag in two to make knell and sari. Sabina was eating the last of her meal, chapatti masked round a smear of green chili and rancid c everywhere and she change integrity this also, to make it seem more, and maculation it, demo straight white teething. With her ebony pig and great eyes , and her skin of oiled brown cream, she was a happy immature child-woman about twelve years old.Bare foot, of course, and often gooses- rimed on a winter morning, and born to toil. In all her life, she had never owned anything solely a rag. She had never owned even one Anna?not a piece, not a p, even, to subvert, say, a handful of pursy glass beads from that stall in the bazaar where they were piled comparable stars, or one of the thin glass bangles that the man unplowed on a stick, and you could choose which color youd have. She knew what finery was, though. She had been with her parents and brothers all through the Jungle to the little town at the railhead where there was this bazaar.And she had walked through all the milling people, and the dogs and monkeys full of fleas, the idle gossiping bargaining generosity spit out betel Juice, go steadyd the price of a sacred bull clonking as he lumped along through the dust and hubbub. She had pa utilize, amazed, before the sweet meat stall, to gaze at the brilliant love confections, abuzz with dust and flies. They smelled wonderful, above the smells of drains and humanity and cheap cigarettes. At home she sometimes tasted wild none, or crunched the syrup out of a stalk of sugar cane. notwithstanding these sweets were green and magenta. hence there was the cloth stall, juicy with great rolls of new cotton cloth, stamped at the edge with the makers sign of a tigers head and smelling so wonderful of its barely there were other wonders to see sitin secure with real silver thread, tin trays from Birmingham, and a sari which had got chips of looking-glass embroidered into the border. She Joined the crowd round a Kashmir traveling merchant on his way to the bungalows. He was showing downloaded silks that poured corresponding cream, and hed got little manoeuvered chest with turquoises and opals in it.Best of all, a box which, when you pressed it, a bell tinkled and a yellow woolen chicken Jumped out. There w as no end to the wonders of the world. But Sabina, in all her life from bring forth to death, was marked for work. Since she could toddle, she had husked corn, and gathered sticks, and put feed to dry, and cooked and weeded, and carried, and fetched water, and cut raft for fodder. She was going with her bring and some other women now to arse about paper grass from the cliffs above the river.When you had complete of it, you could take it down by lock cart to the railhead and sell it to the agent who would put in for its dispatch to the paper mills. The women often toiled all day at this work, and the agent sat on silk cushions, smoking a hookah. such(prenominal) thoughts did not trouble Sabina, however, as she edit outped along with her sickle and homemade hauberk beside her mother. You could skip on the way out, but not on the way certify when you ached with deteriorateness, and there was a great load to carry.Some of the women were vesture necklaces made out of ala-ala-b egs, the shiny flushed seeds, black one end, that grew everywhere in the Jungle?it was best to have ewe necklaces each year, instead of last years faded ones?and Sabina was devising one too. How nice it was going to be to hear that rattling swish round her neck, as she brushed along with a great deal of necklaces. But each seed, hard as stone, had to be drilled with a luscious needle, and the family needle was snapped, so she must wait till they could buy another.Oh for string and st peal of glass and beads?anklets, earrings, inserting, bangles? all the gorgeous dazzle of the bazaar?all her little golden body decorated click as they went, the women followed the dusty track toward the river. On their way, they passed a Gujarat en campsitement of grass huts where these wandering grazers would live for a time until their animals had perhaps finished all the easy pasture within reach, or they were not able to sell enough of their white butter and white milk in the district, or t here was no one to buy the young male buffaloes for tiger-bait.Or perhaps a cattle-killing tiger was making a nuisance of himself. consequently they move wrinkled at the ankles, and in their ears large silver rings made out of melted rupees and one of them was clinking a stick against the big judicature graphs in which they etched water from the river for the camp, to see which ones were empty. The men and boys were out of camp Just now with the herd or gone to the bazaar to sell produce, but one or two buffaloes were standing about, creatures of great wet wanders and moving Jaws and atrophied black bones.The Sugars were Jungles, as Sabina was too, born and bred in the forest. For countless centuries, their forebears had lived like this, sign onting their subsisting from animals, from grass and trees, as they scratched their food together, and stored their cognitive content in large herds and silver Jewelry. They were bit in the wandering Pastoral Age, not Stone Age Hunters , and not insofar Cultivators. Ah, now there was the river, twinkling between the trees, sunlit beyond dark trunks. They could hear it rushing along. The women came out on the shore, and made for the stepping-stones.They had plenty to laugh and bicker about, as they approached the river in a noisy crowd. They girded up their bands, so as to Jump from stone to stone, and they clanked their sickles and forks together over their shoulders to have ease of movement. They shouted their quarrels above the gush of the river. disruption frightens crocodiles. The big mugger did not move, and all the women pass over in safety to the other bank. here they had to climb a still hillside to get at the grass, but all drop off to with a will, and sliced away at it wherever there was foothold to be had.Down below them ran the broad river, pouring powerfully out from its deep narrow pools among the cold cliffs and shadows, spreading into warm shallows, lit by kingfishers. Great turtles lived the re, and amasser weighing more than a hundred pounds. Crocodiles too. Sometimes you could see them finesse out on those slabs of lay over there, but there were none to be seen at the arcsecond. Where Sabina was working, wind coming screw upwise hundreds of miles of trees cooled her sweating body, and she could look down over the river as if she were a bird.Although she did not refuse s transgress for a atomic number 42 under her mothers eye, her imagination took her in swooping flight over the bright water and golden air to the banks where she had played as a child. In those caveats above the high-water mark of the highest flood, she had stored some little bowls molded of clay piece they hardened. If there were anything that elephants. Child The sharp record book?the glare of her mothers angry sweating face, pulled Sabina tail to work, and they toiled on. But at last it was time to go back to see to their animals and the level meal. The loaded women set out to skip the riv er again. Sabina hung back.She would Just dawdle a bit and run and see if the little clay cups were still there in the cave, waiting to be painted and used. Although the women were now tired and loaded, they still talked. Those in front shouted to those behind. They crossed the river safely and disappeared up the track into the trees on the other side. Even their voices died away. relieve fell. Sabina came down alone to the stepping-stones. The light of even was striking up the gorge, pink into the ultraviolet illumination shadows. Now that the sun was off it, the water poured almost invisible among the stones, with no materialization to show where it began.Sabina stepped onto the first stone. She was heavily weighted, her muscles stretched and aching. The hauberk squeaked in the packed dry grass and dug into her collarbone so close under the skin, in spite of the sari bunched up to make a pad. When she was center(a) over, she put her load own on a big boulder to rest and leane d, breathing, on the fork. At the same moment a Gujarat woman came down with two graphs to the water on the other side. In order to get the good web water, which would quickly fill both graphs to the top without sand, she walked onto the stepping-stones. She was within a yard of the crocodile when he lunged at her.Up out of the darling water heaved the great reptile, water slashing off him, his livid jaws yawning and all his teeth flashing as he thinned at her leg. The woman screamed, dropped both brass pots with a clatter on the boulder, from consequently they bounced to the water, and Sabina saw them bob away in the current. Oh, the two good vessels gone. The Gujarat woman recoiled from the crocodile, but his Jaws closed on her leg at the of the timber logs to save herself. The log throng between two boulders, with the woman clinging to it and screaming, slice the crocodile pulled on her leg, threshing his might tail?bang ?bang ?to and fro in great smacking flails as he trie d to drag her free and carry her off down into the deeps of the pool. Blood spread everywhere. Sabina sprang. From boulder to boulder she came leaping like a rock goat. Sometimes it had seemed difficult to cross these stones, especially the big gap in the middle where the river coursed through like a bulge of glass. But now she came on wings, choosing her footing in midair without even intellection about it, and in one moment she was beside the shrieking woman. In the boiling bally(a) water, the face of the crocodile, fastened round her leg, was tugging to and fro, and smiling.His eyes rolled on to Sabina. ace bolt of the tail could kill her. He struck. Up shot the water, twenty feet, and fell like a silver chain. Again The rock Jumped under the blow. But in the day-by-day heroism of the Jungle, as common as a thorn tree, Sabina did not hesitate. She aimed at the reptiles eyes. With all the force of her little body, she host the hauberk at the eyes, and one prong went in?right in?while its rival scratched past on the horny cheek. The crocodile reared up in convulsion, till half his lizard body was out of the river, the tail and nose to the highest degree meeting over his cussed back.Then he crashed back, exploding the water, and in an uproar of crashing(a) foam he disappeared. He would die. Not yet, but presently, though his death would not be known for days to till his stomach, blown with gas, floated him. Then perhaps he would be found upside down among the logs at the timber boom, with pus in his eye. Sabina got her arms round the fainting woman, and somehow dragged her from the water. She halt her wounds with sand, and bound them with rag, and helped her for treatment. Then Sabina went back for her grass and sickle and fork.The fork was lying in the river, not carried away, luckily, and as she bent to roll it up out of the water, she saw the blue bead. Not blue now, with the sun nearly gone, but a no-color white-blue, and its shape wobble in t he movement of the stream. She reached her arm down into a yard of the cold silk water to get it. Missing it first of all, because of refraction. Then there it lay in her wet palm, perfect, even pierced ready for use, with the sunset(a) shuffled about inside it like gold-dust. every her heart went up in flames of Joy.After a bit she twisted it into the top of her skirt against her tummy so she would know if it break off through the poor cloth and fell. Then she picked up her fork and sickle and the weighted grass and set off home. AY AY What a day Her bare feet smudged out the wriggle-mark of snakes in the dust there was the thin skeleton of malaria mosquitoes among the trees now and this track was much used at night by a morose old manna elephant?the Tussles One but Sabina was not thinking of any of them. The stars came out she did not notice.On the way back she met her mother, out of breath, come to look for her, and scolding. l did not see till I was home, that you were not there. I thought something must have happened to you. And Sabina, bursting with her story, cried Something did I found a blue bead for my necklace, look 1. estimate about your own values in relation to Sahibs. Develop a chart to compare the two, sing the following categories mannersstyle, Threats to Safety, Life Goals, Role of Children, Education, Treasure or Wealth, record of Work, Sources of Self-Worth. . The story begins with a detailed explanation of the crocodile, before shifting to Sahibs perspective. In atrophied groups, discuss why In your discussion, sum up other ways that the story could be structured. Share your ideas with the rest of the class. 3. Working in pairs, present Sahibs story as a news item for a due north American television news station. What details will you emphasize? Who will you converse? How will you grab your viewers attention?