Social Learning Theory (one of the communication theories) Assignment

Social Learning Theory (one of the communication theories) - Assignment Example For instance, when the behaviour model displayed violent words and actions towards the Bobo doll, the children did the same. The method involved 36 boys and 36 girls. The children were from 3 to 6 years of age. The first group of participants (24 boys and girls) were made to observe a model who exhibited aggressive actions and words towards the Bobo doll. Meanwhile, the second group of the same population were made to watch a non-aggressive model. Finally, the last group was treated as the control batch and had no exposure to any models. The conclusions indicated that the children who were made to observe an aggressive model tended to exhibit more similarly violent behaviors. Interestingly, gender had a significant influence. If the role model was male, the girls showed more physical aggression. On the other hand, if the role model was female, the girls displayed more verbal hostility. However, there is no significant difference between girls’ and boys’ levels of verbal aggression. In addition, boys emulated role models of the same sex more as compared to girls. Bandura furthered that observational learning involves a live, verbal, or symbolic models. This means that exemplars may be live people or animals, auditory directions, or characters that may be seen in different kinds of media such as movies and books. The process starts with attention which entails interest on the part of the observer. After significant amount of attention is paid to the stimulus, retention ensues. This implies that the learner encodes observed information in his memory. Reproduction then happens when the observed behaviour gets replicated by the learner. Motivation comes into play when the observer experiences reinforcement after the reproduction. A learner may repeat the observed behaviour after a reward. Secondly, an individual’s mental condition is essential. Aside from external rewards, internal reinforcement enhances a person’s motivation to pay atten tion to the model. When one can feel and think satisfied as a result of observing, the social learning will be more successful. Thirdly, observational learning does not always lead to a change in behaviour. Novel knowledge can be earned without palpable alterations in one’s actions. â€Å"Social learning theory began as an attempt by Robert Sears and others to meld psychoanalytic and stimulus-response learning theory into a comprehensive explanation of human behaviour, drawing on the clinical richness of the former and the rigor of the latter† (Grusec, 1992, p.776). Though Bandura is most opulently related to this theory, it actually originated from Sears. The history dates back to the time of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. In 1935, there was a major movement that sought to unify learning and psychoanalytic theories. This resulted to Sears’ focus on socialization as significant aspect of the research. Particularly, he found out that children were being a ffected by the milieu that he encounters day by day. Children adapt the values and attitudes that their parents portray. Bandura agreed with some assertions of Sears but went against some. â€Å"Bandura is clearly the intellectual heir of Sears, influenced by but also reacting against the tradition that Sears represented† (Grusec, 1992, p.776). Together, the two experts utilize learning concepts in explaining how humans develop socially. Sears was more of the

Weekly News from the Arab World Essay Example for Free

Weekly News from the Arab World Essay The Arab World is facing various issues this week regarding the situation of the countries within it as well as important matters that also affect the whole world. Based upon the leading newspapers and news Web site the Middle Eastern region is dealing with affairs in different realms, which are mainly about politics, economics, as well as peace and order. As such, these events should be given due attention and consideration because the situations in the Arab World do not only affect the Middle Eastern region but it also has implications upon the international community. Most countries in the Middle East are rich in petroleum products. The presence of this kind of natural resources in these countries is the primary backbone of their economies. They are also responsible in exporting a huge percentage of oil and petroleum products in the international market. Being the case, the supply of oil coming from the Arab World is very important in order to sustain the needs for this product in the whole world. However, based upon the recent reports in Amman, Jordan the leading refinery in the country is having difficulties in meeting the increasing demand for oil. The Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company (JPRC) said that gas station orders have already quadrupled as compared to the previous days when the oil prices are still high. The CEO of JPRC Ahmad Rifai said that the decrease in the price oil has been the primary reason the refinery received 898 orders to provide gas station with 18, 392 tones of various fuel products. Unlike, the orders before that only amounted to 311. Nevertheless, Rifai added that their company is working round-the-clock to attend to all the demands of the gas stations in time. Moreover, he also assured the public that the supply of the company is sufficient enough for the needs of the consumers (Hazaimeh, 2008). The matter of peace and order in the region is still a primary concern especially in the country of Iraq. This has been become more evident when the Iraqis held an anti-US rally this week. The supporters of the Shia cleric Moqtada Sadr staged a mass demonstration wherein they marched from the eastern suburb of Dasr City towards the country’s capital, Baghdad. This was there way of showing their disagreement and disappointment in the plans of extending the U. S. mandate in the country. There were about 50,000 protesters that chanted the slogans â€Å"Get out occupier! † The opposition of these militants is based from the United Nations mandate that U. S. -led coalition forces are finish by the end of the year (BBC, 2008). On the brighter side of things, Israel’s defense Minister Ehud Barak expressed the country’s leaders in considering the plan that was proposed by Saudi Arabia, which offers comprehensive peace among Israel and the Arab world. Barak said that it is just timely to pursue an overall peace deal because there is little progress in individual negotiations. The peace plan stipulates that Israel will be recognized by its Arab neighbors in exchange for the country’s withdrawal from the lands in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem as well as the Golan Heights captured in the 1967 Middle East war. Barak also said that he had a discussion with Tzipi Livni, the Kadima party’s leader wherein they are considering a response with regards to the peace plan. This is regarded as a good start in establishing a comprehensive regional peace (Aljazeera, 2008). The aforementioned events discuss the major current situations that are happening in the Arab world. These reported incidents show the challenges that the region is facing and the corresponding reasons behind it. Nevertheless, despite the problems that the Middle East is encountering there are still developments towards addressing these issues. The Arab world is not merely stagnant in its usual dilemmas because they are also moving forward towards the betterment of their respective countries and their region as a whole. References Aljazeera. (2008). Israel weighing Saudi peace deal. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://english. aljazeera. net/news/middleeast/2008/10/20081019234422358867. html. BBC. (2008). Iraqis stage mass anti-US rally. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/7677551. stm. Hazaimeh, H. (2008). Refinery struggles to meet soaring demand on fuel after prices lowered. The Jordan Times. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://www. jordantimes. com/? news=11457.

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare :: Papers

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Works Cited Missing Many miraculous events happen in Shakespeare's, "A Midsummer Night's Dream." Magic is an extensive part of the play, as well as, the incredible characters, including: Puck, Lysander, Hermia, Helena, Bottom, and many more. A numerous amount of the characters play more than one important part, to progress interest, in the play. But the most important event in the play is that love and betrayal are the two most crucial elements in the development of the play. One of the characters, Lysander, loves Hermia. They are deeply in love with each other and they care about one another very much. Lysander says, "I will my Hermia" (1.1.227). What he means by this is that he will do anything for her, and by justifying my, he is saying that they are together, and Hermia is his one true love. "Content with Hermia! No; I do repent the tedious minutes I with her have I spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love" (2.2.111-113). Lysander betrays his love for Hermia by getting a magical spell in his eyes to make him love Helena. But he does not get this magic done to him just once, but twice. So, he falls back in love with Hermia, and he stays with her for the rest of eternity. Another one of the characters, Demetrius, loves Hermia, just as Lysander does. Demetrius says, "And here am I, and wood within this

Educating Indian Peasants Essay

India is one country that is endowed with a rich culture that not only influences individuals but also social groupings and structures. Religion is one cultural aspect that is very influential and this paper seeks to shed light on its role in education as well as the forms of educational systems in India. The two basics forms of education are traditional education and elementary education. Traditional education can be defined as the passing of knowledge from a guru or spiritual leader to a student. The transmission of knowledge here is oral such that writing materials are not present. The venue in which this is done is known as a gurukul, which was usually the residential place of the leader or sage, and among the subjects taught were religion, Philosophy and mathematics. (Pomelil). This form of education was only accessible to certain castes that were higher that others. These castes were religious in nature where there also existed the untouchables who were mostly poor and oppressed by those of the higher castes. Traditional education was usually free but it is said that rich families gave tokens of appreciation to the gurus on completion of the studies. Discrimination and segregation are some of the characteristics that can be pegged on this education system. Religion comes in where it consoles those in the lower castes that after their death thy will re-incarnate to one of the high castes. Krishna, an Indian god is said to have reincarnated and gone through traditional education in his childhood. Robert,2003). Elementary education on the other is all inclusive and is carried out in schools. Castes do not have any importance because every one is given an equal opportunity to learn. In India those in lower castes were known as dalits and they were the main source of labor to those in higher castes. Elementary education was introduced so as to promote equal accessibility as well as universality to for everyone. Without elementary education the Indian peasants will only be revolving around the vicious cycle of poverty because of lack of empowerment that would enable them improve the standards of their own living. According to Robert, 2003, dalits were viewed and made to believe that they were not better than those in the higher castes but studies show that when dalits got into a competition with higher caste members, dalits only performed badly when their status was made obvious before the competition, while they even did better or scored same points when their social affiliation was not mentioned. Schools are available to all because they are not usually very far apart. Elementary education is the only way to empowering Indian peasants or Dalits because the World is rapidly changing and individuals are now rewarded by merit. Ascribed status is losing its popularity to a status that has been worked for or earned.

Crime Scene Essay

In an organized step by step approach â€Å"Scene Documentation† is one of the stages in the proper processing of a crime scene. The final results of a properly documented crime scene are the ability of others to take the finished product to use in either reconstructing the scene or the chain of events in an incident and our court room presentation. In documenting the scene there are actually three functions or methods used to properly document the crime scene. Those methods consist of written notes which will ultimately be used in constructing a final report, crime scene photographs, and a diagram or sketch. Consistency between each of these functions is paramount. Each method is important in the process of properly documenting the crime scene. The notes and reports should be done in a chronological order and should include no opinions, no analysis, or any conclusions; just the facts. The crime scene investigator or evidence recovery technician should document what they see, not what they think. The final report should tell a descriptive and factual story. A general description of the crime scene should be given just as the investigator sees it when she does the initial walk through of the scene. Each department or agency has a method which they use will for written documentation of the crime scene. There investigator or technician should follow her departments assigned procedures for written documentation. The importance of sharing information can never be over-looked. This article is intended to share ideas in the area of uniform documentation as an example of the format that is used by my department. We use a narrative section of the report divided it into five categories. The categories are the summary, the scene including a detailed body description if in a death investigation, processing, and evidence collected, and the pending that may be collected at another date or time. The summary would to basically give the details of how he was initiated into the investigation. For an example: â€Å"At the request of Robbery Detective H. Granier, this writer was requested to respond to assist in processing the scene of an armed robbery involving 4 unknown masked subjects. Detective H. Granier’s preliminary investigation revealed that the subjects startled the victim as she returned home from shopping†. For further details of this investigation refer to Detective H. Granier. Our summary is brief and does not include a lot of the said information  (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/unavailable/) The investigator in charge should obtain the following for the crime scene case file: 1. Initial responding officer documentation. 2. Emergency medical personnel documents. 3. Entry and exit documentation. 4. Photographs and any videos. 5. Crime scene sketches and diagrams. 6. Evidence documentation. 7. Other responders’ documentation. 8. Record of consent form or search warrant. 9. Criminal background check Reports such as forensic or technical reports should be added to this file when they become available. This will ensure that reports and other documentation pertaining to the crime scene investigation are compiled into a case file by the investigator in charge of the crime scene and allow for independent review of the work conducted. In the scene section of the narrative we should give a detailed description of the scene as it is seen when we approach the area. The scene description usually includes anything that is unusual and out of place. Any weather or environment conditions are also included. Again this is a description of what we see, not what we think. The evidence that should observe is: its location, the condition, or anything about the item will be included in our scene description section. This would also correspond to any identification markers used to number or label the items of evidence. These remarks would all be consistent with any numbers, letters, or labels indicated in the photographs, or drawn into a sketch of the scene (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/unavailable/). The processing section is for our units to describe what we did, if assistance was needed during the processing stages, who we had assisting, and what functions they did. The evidence collection section is to organize what evidence we and others assisting were able to recover from the crime scene, where the items were recovered from, and what part of the lab the items were  directed to for analysis. Criminal History A Criminal History Summary often referred to as a criminal history record or a â€Å"rap sheet† is a listing of certain information taken from fingerprint submissions retained by the FBI in connection with arrests and, in some instances, federal employment, naturalization, or military service. If no Criminal History Summary on file, the investigator will receive a response indicating that the person has no prior arrest data on file. If the person does have a criminal history Summary on file, you will receive your summary†. Pending Section The pending section would be for any known tasks that would need to be completed at a later date or time in the investigation. What is turned in to the Department? 1. A written report 2. Crime scene photographs 3. Crime scene sketch Crime Scene Example Final Report: Initial Information: Victim Name: Incident Address: Incident Date: Incident Time: Offense Report Date: Victim Information: Victim Name: Victim Address: Height: Weight: Eye Color: Hair Color: Scars: Tattoos: Other: NCIC #: Medical Examiner/Medical Summary: Medical Examiner/Agency: Injuries: Cause of Death: Manner of Death: Crime Scene Summary: Write a narrative about the crime scene. This is a summary of what you observed at the scene. You do not make hypothesis or draw conclusions. Evidence Log Summary: Evidence Number: Description Note: Attach Completed Evidence Collection Log to the end of this report. Image Inventory: Image Number Description Conclusions: Draw conclusions based on the evidence gathered. Be as complete as possible. Note: This list is limited to crime scene documentation. This should not be considered a comprehensive list of the documents involved in an investigative case file In conclusion, the final results of a properly documented crime scene are the ability of others to take the finished product to use in either reconstructing the scene or the chain of events in an incident and our court room presentation.

9 Should You Take It

What Is PSAT 8/9 Should You Take It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The College Board now offers the PSAT 8/9 to eighth graders and high school freshmen as the first hurdle in the group of tests they call the "SAT Suite of Assessments." The PSAT 8/9 is a precursor to the PSAT 10, the PSAT/NMSQT and the SAT. But when is the PSAT 8/9 offered? And should you even bother taking it? In this article I'll give you all the details! What Is the PSAT 8/9? The PSAT 8/9 is the first exam in the College Board's "SAT Suite of Assessments" and is offered to eighth and ninth graders. The purpose of the PSAT 8/9 is to establish a starting point in terms of college and career readiness as students transition to high school. It's a way for students to practice for the PSAT 10, the PSAT/NMSQT, and the SAT. The test is offered between the fall and spring. Schools choose the dates on an individual basis, unlike the SAT, which is administered at designated test on dates determined by the College Board. Your school may offer the PSAT 8/9 between September 23rd 2019 and March 27th 2020 or between April 14th and 30th 2020. To sign up for the test, you will have to go through your school counselor. It costs $12 to order the materials, but some schools will cover this fee for you. Accommodations can also be made for students with disabilities. You don't need College Board approval to get accommodations for the PSAT 8/9, but test coordinators at your school must order any special materials before the ordering deadline. What's on the PSAT 8/9, and How Is It Scored? The PSAT 8/9, like the PSAT 10, PSAT/NMSQT and SAT, has three testing areas: Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. The Reading and Writing subject areas are combined for an Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score. Math has its own separate section score. On the PSAT 8/9, you will get a total score between 240 and 1440, which is the sum of the two section scores in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and Math that each range from 120 to 720. You'll also get three test scores for Reading, Writing, and Math that each range from 6-36. In addition to regular section scores, you'll be given Cross-Test scores which analyze questions across the three subject areas and separate them into a score for Analysis in History/Social Studies and a score for Analysis in Science. Each of these scores ranges from 6-36 as well. The subject areas are broken down into six additional subscores measured on a scale of 1-15. WHEW that's a lot of scores! It might be hard to make sense of all of them at first, but the purpose of having so many different scores is to show you specifically where you might need improvement. Along with scores, you'll get percentiles to help you discover how your scores compare to other students'. Your score percentile provides the percentage of students that score at or below your level. This can help you figure out whether you're on the right track for getting a high score on the PSAT 10, PSAT/NMSQT and SAT. Since the SAT is scored out of 1600, your scores on the PSAT 8/9 will be easily comparable to real SAT scores. The PSAT 8/9 is a way to practice for the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT so that you will be used to the test format and end up with high enough scores to possibly qualify for a National Merit Scholarship. It's just a practice Practice SAT! Studying for the SAT and learning how to yoyo are surprisingly similar How Does the PSAT 8/9 Differ From the PSAT 10 and the PSAT/NMSQT? Although all the PSAT exams share similarities, there are key ways the PSAT 8/9 differs from the other exams. Test Structure Differences The PSAT 8/9 is slightly different from the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT in length and scoring. The PSAT 8/9, as stated in the previous section, records scores on a scale of 240 to 1440. Scores on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT range from 320 to 1520. Part of the reason for this difference in scoring is that the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT are longer than the PSAT 8/9 and have more questions. Take a look at the chart below comparing the PSAT 8/9 (highlighted in yellow), PSAT 10, and PSAT/NMSQT side by side. PSAT 8/9 PSAT 10 PSAT/NMSQT What is the range of possible scores? 240-1440 320-1520 320-1520 How long is it? 2 hrs25 min. 2 hrs45 min. 2 hrs 45 min. # of Reading Qs 42 47 47 # of Writing Qs 40 44 44 # of Math Qs 38 48 48 Can your score qualify you for a National Merit Scholarship? No No Yes The biggest difference between the PSAT 8/9 and the other two tests is in the number of Math questions: There are ten more questions on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT than there are on the PSAT 8/9. The SAT has still more questions and is slightly longer than the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT- three hours, with an optional fifty-minute essay. There are 52 Reading questions, 44 Writing and Language questions, and 58 Math questions. Test Content Differences PSAT 8/9 Reading On the reading section of the PSAT 8/9, you won't have to make any complex inferences. You will mainly be expected to read passages and draw simple, one step conclusions that are spelled out in the text. On the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT, however, you'll have to make more difficult inferences that aren't as literal. For the PSAT 8/9 you will also be asked to identify relationships described in the passages based on straightforward information in the text. This is in contrast to the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT, where you will see questions about complex relationships that are based on more subtle information. Since the reading section on the real SAT includes a data interpretation component, the PSAT 8/9 will expect you to determine explicit meaning from graphs or text (read something off of a graph). You won't have to worry about recognizing data trends yet. That starts on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT. Overall, the passages won't be quite as long, and the questions will be more literal and less complicated. PSAT 8/9 Writing and Language On the Writing section of the PSAT 8/9, you'll see questions about punctuation usage in simple contexts. This means you should have knowledge of basic rules like how to use commas to separate a list. On the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT you will be asked to use punctuation in more complex ways (things like semicolons to separate clauses or colons to introduce lists). For the PSAT 8/9, you will edit straightforward sentences that might contain one grammatical challenge like an introductory phrase. On the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT you will be faced with compound complex sentences where errors might be less clear. Like the Reading section, the Writing and Language section will also incorporate graphics, which will be fairly basic for the PSAT 8/9 but become more complex on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT. PSAT 8/9 Math On the Math section of the PSAT 8/9, problems usually require one or two steps to solve, whereas math problems on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT may have two or more steps. You'll see ratios, percents, proportions, introductory probability, and statistics on the PSAT 8/9, but you won't see the comparisons between linear and exponential growth that show up on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT. Trigonometry-wise, you'll want to know the properties of right triangles, but you won't need to know trigonometric ratios yet. Those are only tested on the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT. Want to get a head start on the PSAT NMQST? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Why Should You Take the PSAT 8/9? The point of the PSAT 8/9 is to provide insight into the subject areas where you need to make the most score improvements before you take the PSAT and ultimately the SAT. Although a few schools may use the PSAT 8/9 as a placement test, for most students the exam has no stakes- it's just a way to see how you're doing without any consequences if you end up bombing it. If you're really set on getting a great score on the PSAT/NMSQT, it might be a good idea to take the PSAT 8/9. Since the PSAT/NMSQT is only offered once a year in October, you will only have two chances maximum to take it (one in 10th grade and one in th grade). If you want to win a National Merit Scholarship, you have to do really well on one of those two tests. The best way to know which areas you need to work on is to take the PSAT 8/9. Based on your PSAT 8/9 scores, you will get personalized SAT study materials through Khan Academy. If you're not set on winning a scholarship, you probably don't need to take the PSAT 8/9. Just plan on taking the PSAT/NMSQT so that you can get an idea of where you are score-wise before the real SAT and where you need to improve. You can also take the PSAT 10 your Sophomore year to prepare for the PSAT/NMSQT. PSAT 10 scores, like PSAT 8/9 scores, aren't considered as a factor in the National Merit Scholarship competition, but they can give you more information about what areas you need to work on. A very prestigious Scholar Ship How Can You Prepare for the PSAT 8/9? Because the PSAT 8/9 is just a way to see how prepared you are for the PSAT 10, which is a way to practice for the PSAT/NMSQT which itself is a way to prepare for the SAT, most students don't need to prepare for the PSAT 8/9. Just taking the test and reviewing your scores is enough to give you an idea of how well you're doing and which areas you might want to consider focusing on later on when you prepare for the other exams. However, if you do want to study for the PSAT 8/9, there are resources. There are no official practice PSAT 8/9 tests, but the College Board's PSAT 8/9 Student Guide has a handful of practice questions for each section of the test. There are some unofficial practice PSAT 8/9 exams available, but we don't recommend them since they typically don't recreate test questions very accurately. Instead, we recommend using official study resources and practice tests for the PSAT/NMSQT. The formats of the two exams are very similar, but you won't see the most difficult questions from the PSAT/NMSQT on the PSAT 8/9, since the latter is meant for younger students. There are two official PSAT practice tests available: Official PSAT Practice Test 1- Score Your Test- Answer Explanations Official PSAT Practice Test 2- Score Your Test- Answer Explanations The Bottom Line The PSAT 8/9 is the first step on the path to the SAT. You can take it in 8th or 9th grade, and it's somewhat similar to the PSAT 10 and PSAT/NMSQT. The main differences are that there is no scholarship associated with it, it's shorter, and it has a lower score range. The PSAT 8/9 is essentially just another way to practice for the PSAT/NMSQT and the SAT. If you're really invested in figuring out where you need to improve your scores in order to do well enough on the PSAT/NMSQT to win a National Merit Scholarship, the PSAT 8/9 is a useful low-stakes assessment tool. Otherwise, just wait and take the PSAT/NMSQT your sophomore or junior year before you take the SAT, or take the PSAT 10 your sophomore year and the PSAT/NMSQT your junior year. What's Next? Are you wondering whether you should take the PSAT 10 or the PSAT/NMSQT? Read this article to find out what's best for you. Looking to practice your skills and see where you need to improve? Here are some PSAT practice tests to get your studying started. Learn more here about how PSAT scores translate into SAT scores and whether one reliably predicts the other. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Governments of Ancient Greece essays

Governments of Ancient Greece essays There were three main governments in Ancient Greece, oligarchy, tyranny, and democracy. The most succesful for the Greeks was democracy. Tyranny and oligarchy were both used and were succesful to an extent but not nearly as succesful as democracy. Tyranny came about because of trade and industry which created several wealthy individuals. These individuals seized power because they were forced by the aristocracy. These people who took the power were called tyrants which is where the word tyranny comes from. Tyranny was favored by both peasants and the wealthy because they were tired of the aristocracy dominating their city-state. The power of the tyrants was kept by hiring soldiers and once the tyrants gained their power they began to build marketplaces, temples, and walls in their city-state. The things they built gained the popularity of the tyrants which led to somewhat of a spread in tyranny but this kind of government finally came to an end by the end of the sixth century due to Greeks believing in the rule of law. After tyrants had fallen, government moved in two directions, democracy and oligarchy. Sparta, a powerful Greek city-state, was an example of a powerful and very well known oligarchy. Oligarchy meant rule by few. The Spartan Government was headed by two kings. These leaders headed their Spartan army in its campaigns. Every year, the Spartans elected five mean referred to as the ephors. The ephors were responsible for the education of the youth and the conduct of all citizens. To vote on issues not covered by the ephors, a council of two kings and sixty elders was made. The Spartans decided to turn their backs to the ouside world in order to secure their state. The Spartans were not allowed to travel anywhere unless for military reasons. Foreigners who had ideas were turned away. This security plan led to Spartans not being able to study philosophy, literature, or th ...

How to Say No Without Feeling Guilty

How to Say No Without Feeling Guilty We’ve all been approached by someone asking for a favor. It could be at work, home, or even out with friends while painting the town red. It usually happens so unexpectedly that we feel pressured and compelled to say yes, regardless of what we currently have on our plate. Sometimes we’re happy to help. We like this person and this favor won’t interfere with our lives in a significant manner. Other times, even though it’s not in our best interest to say yes, we do so anyway because we want to avoid feeling  guilty.But why feel guilty?Before we advance to the how, let’s look at the why. It’s worth deconstructing why we feel guilty for saying no. Guilt is an emotion we feel when we have done something wrong. If you’ve truly wronged someone, guilt is an appropriate emotional reaction. But saying no is not an example of wronging someone.This person might have to seek alternatives to your help, but it’s hardly harmful to their overa ll well-being- especially if it’s a small favor. Saying no puts this person in a position where they simply have to get creative and recalibrate their direction. Besides, it’s highly unlikely you’re this person’s only hope.Another reason we feel guilty is because we’re nervous this person will resent us, or be angry. But this feeling is unreasonable. You need not look any further than yourself. Would you hold a grudge against someone denying you a favor? Most likely not. So, the same standard applies. All this fear of saying no is simply an emotional response to an unlikely reaction by the other party. Logically, it holds no merit.Now that we’ve dispelled this notion, let’s take a closer look at how we can actually say no.1. Offer an alternative solutionâ€Å"Sorry, I don’t have time to help you with building your cover letter, but here’s a link to an article on 5 resume tips to guarantee an interview.†It’s quick, easy, and you offer the person an alternative solution. Just make sure you’re doing this to help, not just because you feel guilty.2.   Show empathy when saying noYou want to show this person you truly understand their problem, but it simply isn’t something you can handle right now.â€Å"I know you really need someone to take care of your dog while you’re on vacation, and you worry he won’t get enough exercise, but my job really just takes up too much of my time right now.†Empathy is what connects us as human beings, so it’s important to convey this on some level.3.   Blame your responsibilitiesAs mentioned in the previous example, work is always a good excuse. In fact, very often it’s the truth. We all work a lot so it’s definitely not a stretch and it most likely won’t raise any eyebrows.4. Turn it into a complimentSpin this into an opportunity to flatter the requester. Everyone loves a good ego boost.†Å"I’m surprised you’re asking me for help on this, I personally think you have far better taste than I do, but I’m very flattered that you’re giving me the opportunity to help you.†And that’s when you drop the no bomb on them. Psychologically, you’re softening the blow while bolstering their ego. It’s a win-win.5.   Say no without apologizingSaying thank you instead of sorry makes a world of difference. Do not apologize or say sorry- that will only  make  the requester think you’re either lying or you feel guilty†¦especially if you keep emphasizing how sorry you are.If you say no in a positive manner, that will make it more likely that the requester will leave the interaction feeling positive and upbeat.So there ya have it. Make sure your no is quick and concise. Don’t drag your answer out for too long, otherwise it will make you look bad. It’s important to say no every now and again because somet imes we truly need the time for ourselves. There’s nothing wrong with that. We’ll conserve energy and time, and hopefully be able to help the next time around.Source:  BusinessInsider

Evaluating Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating - Coursework Example Additionally, this paper presents an evaluation of 5 conflict resolution methods and a conflict resolution method that is best applicable to both teams and rationale for this decision. Finally, this paper presents a conclusion of the findings and literature applied. Interprofessional collaboration is a complex communication process that poses a number of features. According to Scholl, Koelewijn-van Loon and Sepucha, et al. (2011), interprofessional collaboration, in a nursing setting or health care environment is described as the process of division of planning, decision making, goal setting, accountability assumptions and problem solving processes which links with working jointly. This process fosters harmonization of efforts in a team or group. Working as a team or collaboratively is a common term in the health care environment, where the health care providers strive to work together in order to achieve positive health outcomes. The surgical and recovery team work in harmony to achieve their set goals and objectives which entail achieving a positive health outcome. In particular, the surgical team carries out the surgery procedures on the patients in the surgery environments whereas the recovery team plays the role of assisting the patients in recovering from the surgical procedures (Scholl et al., 2011). This entails taking the patients from the surgical room and providing them with the necessary care that they need in order to triumph over the surgery to a normal life (Schrijvers, van Hoorn & Huiskes, 2012). Over and above, both the surgical and the recovery team play a significant role in enabling the patient achieve beneficial health outcomes. This is made possible via collaborative working process where everyone embraces communication through effective reporting and handover. Interprofessional collaborations foster exchange of knowledge, improved patient health outcomes, improved health care service satisfaction and an effective

Sustainable Green Buildings Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sustainable Green Buildings - Research Proposal Example Additionally, congestion of buildings is a major phenomenon in the modern construction industry, as well as inefficient use of land especially in the urban areas. Completed modern structures are responsible for increased energy consumption, loss of productive agricultural land and soil erosion as a result of runoff. Communities living in these areas are exposed to increased stress resulting from congestion and polluted sewer systems. Indeed, little can be fancied about the modern buildings. The increased negativity in the building industry has prompted leaders in the business to seek measures to curb the problem. Buildings which are environmentally friendly that efficiently and sustainably use natural resources have been researched on. This new concept is referred to as green building, which seeks to solve the problems encountered by the construction business. Structures constructed in this manner are referred to as Sustainable Green Buildings RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH This paper lo oks at the concept of Sustainable Green Buildings, their advantages over the modern form of buildings, products used in construction of sustainable green buildings and how sustainable they are. It will seek to find how people perceive the idea and understand how many people are willing to invest in them. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Sustainable Green Buildings Sinha (93) defines green building as the effective and efficient use of materials and products which is directed at reducing the overall environmental impact of the building. Sustainable green buildings refer to housing and architectural structures that are constructed using environmental friendly and resources that ensure efficiency throughout the lifecycle of the building. Successful buildings should be durable, economical, offer comfort and fit for the intended use. The life cycle of a building begins at the sitting design, construction, operation and maintenance of the building, renovation and demolition of a structure. In sustainable buildings, the undertaking of all these processes is expected to be an environmental friendly exercise (Bauer et al. 7). To successfully achieve this, the various teams involved in all stages of the lifecycle of a building should be engaged. Different teams involved in the various stages in the construction of a building include the architectural team, structural designers, contractors, engineers and the client. Designers of green buildings built the concept on minimum disturbance of the topology and the landscape, use of non-toxic materials that are recycled and equally environmental friendly and those that use renewable energy sources. The efficiency use of water is emphasized, while natural sources of green energy such as solar and wind power are being exploited (Furr 56). Materials used in Construction of Sustainable Green Buildings Green products used in the construction industry necessarily do not have to be 100% green. Wood that has been treated with different toxic chemicals to make it durable cannot be referred to as a green product since it has health hazards among the people (Robeznieks 10). Different considerations are made when a product is classified as either green or not. Products that have been salvaged or recycled, such as the agricultural products are regarded as green products as it is economical to recycle products than producing new ones. Products which

Business Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Statistics - Essay Example Nearly 17 states had $1.8 as their average fuel price. But the coefficient of variation is obtained as 9.67. The median shows that about 25 states have average fuel prices above $1.84. This clarifies that the data is normally distributed with just one state having the $2.3 as the average price. However, the histogram shows two states, Alaska and Hawaii as outliers with their average fuel prices around $2.5 which is considered to be the highest fuel price. The scatter plot (Fig. 2) of the state by state average fuel prices for diesel fuel and premium unleaded fuel2 shows that both fuel are almost equally priced. Most of the pricing is in the range of $1.8 to $ 2.5. However, the graph shows that when the price of diesel is low (or high) the price of premium fuel tends to be high (or low). We also find that Alaska and Hawaii are the two states highlighted as outliers measuring the highest diesel and premium fuel prices. The Colorado weekly regular unleaded gas prices3 for the past 8 weeks from 5th January 2009 to 23rd February 2009 has been plotted as a line chart (Fig 3). The graph shows that there has been a gradual increase in the price every consecutive week. However there have been fluctuations in the price rise in the 6th, 7th and 8th weeks. The time series plot also shows a smooth linear upward trend indicating a smooth increase in the fuel price every week. The above study on the state by state average fuel prices of unleaded regular, premium gasoline and diesel in the United States shows that the prices are fairly equal among all the states except Alaska and Hawaii where the prices are very

Stuffed and Starved Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stuffed and Starved - Essay Example He also says that also included are urban consumers who live in slums and do industrial jobs, or those who live in exclusive houses and work in big offices. The only people exempted from the list are corporate food executives. To them, the food system works excellently. The value of the food chain lay square at the hands of these corporations. Patel argues out his point using an appropriate example from India where farmers committed suicide due to agriculture and trade liberalization. The liberalization led to 20% fall in the rural income. Free Trade treaties cannot solve poverty issues in the developing nations. Chapter three of this book provides a definite example to Rajab’s stand in food distribution in most developing nations. Most Americans think and believe that it is the fault of the Mexicans that causes their poverty. However, according to Rajab, the problem or poverty in Mexico has its foundational cause in the American government and trade. The US and Canada entered a treaty with Mexico in order to allow free trade of goods among the countries. The treaty was signed in 1994. One of the examples that Patel uses in the book is that of the Mexican Free Trade Treaty with the US and Canada in 1994. 60% of Mexican cultivated land was used for growing corn, which was the key staple food for the larger Mexican population (Patel 54). The supporters of free trade had one thing in mind that by forcing producers to enter into competition with each other, there would be an automatic price fall, thus, helping the mass urban population. Corn price in most of the Mexican markets collapsed while the US imports into the country increased significantly (Ning.com). The US corn farmers, on the other hand, were heavily funded by their government through subsidies creating a conducive environment for them to carry out their trading activities. The market competition between the farmers from the two countries was, therefore, biased on the side of the Mexicans. The im pact of this type of trade was predictably undesirable on the Mexican side. Most of the Mexicans suffered malnutrition, with a great number becoming obese. Moreover, the step taken by Wal-Mart to organize and conduct a joint trade with Mexican’s Wal-Mex worsened the situation. Wal-Mart took three out of every ten pesos that was spent on food in the country (Patel 34). Another related epigraph that Raj is using in his book is about the step made by Britain, as the pioneer of grain trade, to encourage nations like India to sell their wheat stocks. This automatically brought about famine in the entire Asian continent, as India is the production house of grains in the entire continent. The British, on the other hand, enjoyed cheap foods especially the factory workers. Raj’s first insight was that free market always favors consumers, and not producers. It lowers the prices, at the same time forcing most of the weakest products out of the market. This is not entirely true an y way. However, it does fit well in such a case. Free market certainly causes market price fall. This permits the same population to live with very few farmers and focus on knowledge or other skill related opportunities. For the profitability to be maintained, traders have an obligation to ensure that they expand their market and sell to more people. The more the number of buyers, the lesser the price, this is because of

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice Paper Essay

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice Paper - Essay Example It is however, not that very much different from employee voice (Kinnie, 2005:40). They both talk about employee involvement and influence towards increasing an organization’s productivity and retention. Employee engagement incorporates attitude and commitment (Edwards, 2009:91). This paper will seek to explore and discuss the various debates surrounding the concepts of employee engagement and employee voice basing its arguments on their definitions and nature in relation to managing employee relationship. The nature of ‘employee engagement’ and ‘employee voice’ in relation to managing the employee relationship As stated, employee engagement is all about behavior and attitude. In this case, attitude refers to employee commitment towards his job while behavior is merely the action to corporate. In other words, behavior in employee engagement can be what people commonly refer to as the extra mile taken by employees to ensure that the organizationâ€℠¢s decision-making process involves them (Buchanan, Fitzgerald, and Ketley, 2007:27). Analytical response to management consultants who happen to partake ‘employee engagement surveys’ it is true to say that engagement is mainly involves engagement with the organization an employee works for and engagement with the employer (Golan, 2007:29). Usually, those who measure employee engagement consider things like the time an employee wishes to stay with an employer, pride that he or she has for the firm that he works for, and their preparedness to exert extra pressure or effort on behalf of the firm (Redman and Snape, 2005:301). With reference to employee engagement and its definition, it is seeable that an employee’s commitment to a supervisor or a manager is more productive and a stronger link to recital compared to commitment towards an organization. This shows that it is not surprising to establish that some employees have multiple loyalties towards different thing s. In a number of situations some employees, in most cases professional workers such as lawyers or nurses, may appear ambivalent towards their boss but prove to be very passionate about their profession, team leader, customer, or co-workers (Kaufman, Beaumont, and Helfgott, 2003:48). One of the reliable cases that captures well this multi-faceted nature and behavior of employees in employee engagement practices is the Employee Engagement Consortium at Kingston University. The researchers stated that; the idea that every employee can make a substantial contribution towards the continuous improvement and successful functioning of all firm’s processes is the fundamental or rather primary concept of employee engagement (Purcell, 2009:44). Engagement is ideally about the creation of opportunities for workers in order to connect with their managers, co-workers, and the overall organization. It is also about creating an environment that motivates employees in view of wanting to buil d a relationship with what they do and care for doing a great job (Kinnie, 2005:61). This study notes the way in which it is evident that employee engagement enables workers to perform better compared to others, become less likely to leave their employer,

Willingness to Listen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Willingness to Listen - Essay Example So I resort to varied listening strategies while communicating with others. In some cases I really listen to others with apt attention and concentration. In less serious communications I try to have a general grasp over what the other person is saying, while being engaged in some other task. In some communications which tend to be very general and repetitive, I just pretend that I am listening to the other person. So having a moderate willingness to listen is fairly normal and pragmatic. Practically speaking, one simply cannot assign the same energy and time to all types of interpersonal communications. Yes, there is no denying the fact that my willingness to listen measure as evinced by the Willingness to Listen website was indeed correct for me. I do extend varying degrees of attention and concentration to varied types of interpersonal communications, depending on the seriousness, utility and importance of a particular

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice Paper Essay

Employee Engagement and Employee Voice Paper - Essay Example It is however, not that very much different from employee voice (Kinnie, 2005:40). They both talk about employee involvement and influence towards increasing an organization’s productivity and retention. Employee engagement incorporates attitude and commitment (Edwards, 2009:91). This paper will seek to explore and discuss the various debates surrounding the concepts of employee engagement and employee voice basing its arguments on their definitions and nature in relation to managing employee relationship. The nature of ‘employee engagement’ and ‘employee voice’ in relation to managing the employee relationship As stated, employee engagement is all about behavior and attitude. In this case, attitude refers to employee commitment towards his job while behavior is merely the action to corporate. In other words, behavior in employee engagement can be what people commonly refer to as the extra mile taken by employees to ensure that the organizationâ€℠¢s decision-making process involves them (Buchanan, Fitzgerald, and Ketley, 2007:27). Analytical response to management consultants who happen to partake ‘employee engagement surveys’ it is true to say that engagement is mainly involves engagement with the organization an employee works for and engagement with the employer (Golan, 2007:29). Usually, those who measure employee engagement consider things like the time an employee wishes to stay with an employer, pride that he or she has for the firm that he works for, and their preparedness to exert extra pressure or effort on behalf of the firm (Redman and Snape, 2005:301). With reference to employee engagement and its definition, it is seeable that an employee’s commitment to a supervisor or a manager is more productive and a stronger link to recital compared to commitment towards an organization. This shows that it is not surprising to establish that some employees have multiple loyalties towards different thing s. In a number of situations some employees, in most cases professional workers such as lawyers or nurses, may appear ambivalent towards their boss but prove to be very passionate about their profession, team leader, customer, or co-workers (Kaufman, Beaumont, and Helfgott, 2003:48). One of the reliable cases that captures well this multi-faceted nature and behavior of employees in employee engagement practices is the Employee Engagement Consortium at Kingston University. The researchers stated that; the idea that every employee can make a substantial contribution towards the continuous improvement and successful functioning of all firm’s processes is the fundamental or rather primary concept of employee engagement (Purcell, 2009:44). Engagement is ideally about the creation of opportunities for workers in order to connect with their managers, co-workers, and the overall organization. It is also about creating an environment that motivates employees in view of wanting to buil d a relationship with what they do and care for doing a great job (Kinnie, 2005:61). This study notes the way in which it is evident that employee engagement enables workers to perform better compared to others, become less likely to leave their employer,

An account discussing the fit between published theory in regard to Essay

An account discussing the fit between published theory in regard to project management and personal practice as a result of my participation in the Foods Organic project - Essay Example nting a change in the structure, style or staffing of an organization, developing a new system of information or implementation of a new business process (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007). Owing to the fact that projects appear in numerous forms, significance of managing these projects effectively has increased to a great extent. Project management can be defined as application of skills, knowledge, tools and techniques so as to comply with the requirements of the project. In general, there are five major phases of project management, which are initiation, planning, execution, controlling and closure (Andon, Baxter and Chua, 2007). In this report, a discussion will be carried out about ways in which theories of project management fit into real life practices. In order to do so, I will reflect upon my experience in the foods organic project, which I have completed in the recent past. The project was about developing a new store that will be located at the heart of Uxbridge. The aim of that project was to establish a store that reflects ‘organic’ and ‘healthy living’ culture. In this section of the study, I will reflect upon experiences that I have gathered while conducting the aforementioned project and will try to draw comparison with the theories of project management. However, before proceeding further into the analysis, I would like to elaborate about my position and the activities carried out by me during the program. I was the project manager as well as the team leader. I was responsible for accomplishing various tasks as well as for overseeing tasks carried out by the subordinates. Hence, the pressure on me was immense. Majority of the tasks of this project were performed by me as it was mandatory on my part. Scholars such as, Armstrong (2002), enumerate that a project manager is responsible for carrying out most of the planning and monitoring activities; but at times, he is also required to perform the operational activities. Contradicting this

The resistance of the wire will be measured Essay Example for Free

The resistance of the wire will be measured Essay There were 3 types accuracy equipment we used:   Ruler which was accurate to + or 1mm   Ammeter which was accurate to + or 0. 01 amps Voltmeter which was accurate to + or 0. 01 volts To make sure our results were fair we did each result 3 times, worked out a resistance and then worked out the final resistance. Making it Fair We did certain things to keep the investigation fair:   We used the same lengths of wire each time. We used the same current each time.   We used the same material each time. Safety To make our investigation as safe as possible, we tried work in a safe and tidy environment which was not overcrowded. We also worked with less than 1 amp because it might overheat and there would be a danger of burning. We switched off the power when we were changing the wires to avoid getting burned. We did not cut the wire from the reel to avoid getting cut. Results We have tested constantan in this investigation. Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average 24 swg Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average 26 swg 7 Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average 28 swg Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average   Material Length of wire (cm) Current A B C Voltage A B C Resistance A B C Average   Conclusion The results in all the tables show that the resistance increases each time the length of the wire is increased, as shown in all of the tables above. The length of the wire affects the resistance of the wire because the number of atoms in the wire increases as the length of the wire increases. The resistance of a wire depends on the number of collisions the electrons have with the atoms of the material, so if there is a larger number of atoms there will be a larger number of collisions, which will increase the resistance of the wire. Evaluation After doing this experiment, I have come up with a reliable set of results. Even though I have achieved a good set of results there are obviously going to be errors, which I have made that could affect the investigation. The errors that I came across were, the wire was very hard to get straight and had bends, the voltmeter was only accurate to two decimal places so the voltage was flickering which made it hard to tell what the exact number was. To make my accuracy better we could have done more than ten lengths, done each result more than three times, used ammeter and voltmeter sensor. We could also have used different cross sectional areas or use different materials. I think my graph was good to look at but there are still one or two anomalous results which could have been caused by accuracy measuring instruments which we could have improved. To support my conclusion I could do some extra work like testing more materials to see what other materials it would work with. We could test more length to see if the graph will rise in proportion or will there be a point where the graph will bend and the resistance will not go any higher. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Acid Rain Essay -- Environmental Science

INTRODUCTION The term acid rain refers to the process of deposition or precipitation of hydrogen ions with a pH value below 5.0, in the atmosphere. These acidic substances are produced by the pollutants on the earth that are airborne. These acidic precipitates will pour down as water droplets along with normal rain water whose pH lie between 5.0 and 5.6 creating hazardous effects on the living organisms of earth. HISTORY The cause of acid rain is mainly due to industrial pollutants. Acid rain was first reported during the Industrial Revolution in England in 1852.A Scottish chemist by name Robert Angus Smith discovered the same. [Briney A, 2001]However the term ‘Acid Rain’ was coined in the year 1972 by the scientist in his book,†Air and Rain: The Beginnings of Chemical Climatology â€Å".Awareness towards acid rain started to increase rapidly among people from then on. In today’s date even a small kid is taught about acid rain and made to understand the importance of preserving the environment from pollution. ACID RAIN FORMATION Air is polluted by both natural and artificial sources. The major contributors of acid rain are the oxides of sulphur and oxides of nitrogen. These oxides released through pollutants settle in the atmosphere. They then combine with the moisture in the atmosphere to form acid rain. The acid rain thus collected in the cloud gets released along with the raindrops of normal water thereby forming acid rain [J.N.B Bell, 1981] .The rain water that pours down will obviously contain the most harmful sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The effects created by this acid rain unimaginable. They just burn the living being alive in seconds creating a permanent destruction to the earth. CAUSES As seen earlier, the major con... ...hould take care that we do not become the root cause for the day on which the whole world will get drenched in acid rain. Nature is precious. Every individual must realize this fact and start their action to create a green and clean environment in future, as always prevention is better than cure! Works Cited Briney A, The Causes, History and Effects of Acid Rain, 2001 J.N.B Bell, An update on acid rain: A UK Viewpoint, 1981 Lane C A, Acid Rain –Overview and Abstracts, 2003 Epa, Available at, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html, Accessed on 13th August 2010 Wolosz T, Effects of Acid Rain, SUNY Plattsburgh States College, New York, 2005 Trotman G, Acid rain – A review of the phenomenon in the EEC & Europe, 1983 Kneese A, Measuring the benefits of clean air and water, 1984 BrimbleCombe P, Acid Rain –Deposition to Recovery, 2007

Capital Punishment in the United States Essay -- Capital Punishment, De

Capital punishment has been a controversial topic in association to ethics all of its existence. Issues pertaining to the execution methods, reasonability in the relationship of punishment to the crime, who receives the death penalty, and innocence have been discussed and researched in great lengths. Capital punishment is still an active form of â€Å"deterrence† in the United States for crimes considered the worst of the worst. In this paper I will discuss the history of the death penalty. I will also disclose information on the dynamics of race, method, and court cases valid to the death penalty. History: The origination of the death penalty in America stems mainly from the influence of Britain. Capital punishment was a common exercise in British culture and the British brought the practice with them when they settled in America. The death penalty was used as punishment for a variety of crimes, ranging from murder to disobedience of one’s mother or father. In 1612 the Divine, Moral and Marital laws were passed. These laws allowed the punishment of death for petty crimes like stealing grapes, killing chickens, and trading with Native Americans. Executions were a public scene until the 1830’s, but most were eventually moved to the interior of prisons. However, there were some public executions (especially in the South and West) that were done in public until the twentieth century. The laws and regulations pertaining to the death penalty differed from colony to colony (Death Penalty Information Center, 2011). Though capital punishment was common there were critics of the practice. Some questioned its morality and effectiveness as a deterrent to crime. There were many abolitionists supporting the movement to eliminate th... ...nity, staff, a spiritual or religious advisor, media, and state selected witnesses (Lethal Injection Procedure, 2010). Innocent people do end up on death row, some are exonerated and some die waiting for their execution or at their scheduled death. Since 1973 there have been 139 exonerations (Innocence Project, 2011). The criterion that permits exoneration are they were ac-quitted at retrial, all charges were dropped, or they were given an absolute pardon given by the governor based on new evidence of innocence (Death Penalty Information Center, 2011). Individuals on death row typically serve a 13 year average before their exoneration. However, there are those that are innocent to still receive the death penalty. The number is hard to pin down, but most cases where innocence was still lingering are often not looked into after the death of the individual.

Let’s Be Lefties For a Day

The discussion of the importance of understanding cultural, ethnic, and gender differences by managers and professionals in a business setting begins with defining the key terms. Diversity is defined as â€Å"real or perceived differences among people that affect their interactions and relationships â€Å"(Bell, 2007). According to Week 1 lecture (SOCS 350, 2013), cultural diversity is defined as: â€Å"the existence of a wide variety of cultures and subcultures represented within a community†. This is evident in most work settings across the world. So how do I understand the importance and differences brought to the table by all of the different individuals? In our textbook Diversity in Organizations, it talks about Taylor Cox and Stacy Blake’s research studies on understanding diversity in the workplace. Their studies and explanations have been used in many textbooks and news regarding diversity. They explain how effective management of diversity can benefit organizations in the area of cost, resource acquisition, marketing, creativity, problem solving, and system flexibility. I agree that diversity can bring so much to a workplace. A personal experience of mine occurred at the community hospital near my hometown. The hospital had a predominantly low-income, African American population that used the emergency room. I was a young Caucasian woman who quickly became charge nurse for the night shift. During busy times, which occurs quite often in emergency rooms, I would be yelled at and even called racist if a white person was called back to a room first. I was lucky enough to have the benefit of the mayor of the predominantly African American community work as a LPN in the emergency room with me. He was an older African American, well known throughout the community, and very well respected. I could send him out to talk to unhappy patients because they took better to him, probably due to having the same ethnic/cultural background. He then explained things again and for some reason it was most often taken better, and proved I was not being racist and these are the policies that I followed. In the workplace though, especially a hospital setting, it is extremely beneficial to have all cultural backgrounds employed. Every patient that comes in is not going to be of the same ethnic or cultural background as you and sometimes like in my example it is easier to relate to someone with the same ethnicity. It is a beneficial skill for employees to understand different cultures to communicate effectively. Cox and Blake also proposed that â€Å"an organization’s reputation for valuing all types of workers will also affect its ability to market to different types of consumers. Consumers who appreciate fair treatment for everyone will be more likely to patronize an organization known to value diversity and to treat all workers fairly†. I truly believe that is accurate, and is shown to be proven accurate at my hospital. In our example in class using the ball and sock experiment, I learned how diverse America is. People do things a little bit different, and that is what makes us a culturally diverse country. Just because you do something right-handed and I do it left-handed does not mean I am doing it wrong. I am left-handed, and yes I have become ambidextrous also because of the predominantly right-handed population. This just shows me that people are able to adapt to change, and not one certain way, color, gender, race, age is better than another. There are numerous benefits to valuing diversity, especially in a business setting. With each unique combination of gender, ethnic background, culture, and life experiences, each person brings different sets of strengths, skills, and approaches to problems. I believe all businesses can benefit from a diverse body of talent bringing fresh ideas, perspectives, and views to the workplace.

Persuasion

For any Idea, effective negotiation and selling Is necessary in order to persuade your target audience. Through means of systematic persuasion the communicator will appeal to reason and logic to help change attitudes. or they may appeal to emotion and habit by means of heuristic persuasion to change beliefs. Every communicator aims to gain dfferent and desired results. For example, sales people, politicians, and leaders in other areas all have different goals and audiences, but use persuasion to their benefit. Cult leaders and other extremists in history have used persuasion to immerse ollowings and gain social loyalty.Over time they have evolved with different religious, political, and revolutionary motives. A cult by definition Is a small religious group that is not part of a larger and more accepted religion and that has beliefs regarded by many people as extreme or dangerous. They are typically characterized by their distinct beliefs and rituals related to devotion to a god or pe rson, are isolated from their surrounding â€Å"evil culture,† and have a charismatic leader (Myers. 252). These charismatic leaders of will use persuasion to influence the intentions, attitudes. eliefs, behaviors. and motivations of different Individuals (Thoms and Walden, 2007).Vulnerability in the larger community is the maln reason Individuals find consolation in cults (Richard, 2010). Feelings of inferiority, ignorance, social threat, and other such factors influence an individual's ability to be persuaded into a cult. After a person converts into the beliefs and practices of the cult, the cult's way of life becomes second nature. Isolation, and un-acceptance of the cult's beliefs by the larger community makes leaving very difficult. There have been several great cults round the world, with effective leaders, including Reverend Sun Myung Moon, Reverend Jim Jones, and Marshall Applewhite.In 1954, Reverend Sun Myung Moon founded Unification Church in South Korea. Capitaliz ing on the problems of his time, Moon's teachings viewed divided Korea as the frontline of the war between democracy and communism; God and Satan. Moon claimed a vision he received at sixteen years old was what called him to complete the Christ mission. His church preached a conservative, family-oriented value system and his interpretation of the Bible. He argued that, Christ was crucified and died having ot completed the mission of marrying and getting a perfect family (Dolan, 2000).Moon, a self-proclaimed Messiah, was to become parent to all of humanity. Moon's teachings were to pledge obedience to him since he was the Messiah. He attracted a worldwide following through a mixture of Christianity, anticommunism, and glorification of himself as a messiah (Myers, 252). Moon's ability to persuade people was in the need for a good family, which is a problem to many all over the world (Thoms and Walden, 2007). A push for peace Is another tactic that Moon applied to pursue the beliefs of the cult.After being excommunicated by the Presbyterian Church, unification Church was characterized by numerous wedding presided by Moon. The ceremonies gained international attention for joining thousands of Identically dressed brides and grooms. many of whom had never met 1 OF3 DeTore, In matrlmony. I ne grandeur 0T tne Dlesslng ceremonies was meant to craw mass attention to the Church, and highlight its emphasis on traditional morality. They also brought Moon fame and notoriety. The church still exists and continues to teach its beliefs and practices all over the world.In the 1970s Marshall Applewhite formed the cult Heaven's Gate. Applewhite and Bonnie Lu Nettles believed that they were â€Å"The Two† mention in the Book of Revelation and that they were on an important spiritual mission. During a six month stay in prison Applewhite refined his beliefs. He termed a physical and literal version of heaven in outer space, where he came from, the â€Å"Level Above Human. â €  He and Nettles believed that they were sent to help others reach this next level. Applewhite taught his followers that the earth was to be ‘recycled' to a new clean state, and they ould ride the comet HaleBopp to heaven (Dolan, 2000).In Heaven's Gate's teachings, the human body was Just a vehicle and that to ascend from this world people had to separate from all that was human in them. This included their earthly needs and desires. Applewhite persuaded individuals through talks he gave around the country and through video and written testaments he provided. Much of the strength and influence Applewhite held was largely in part because he weeded out his followers. Although he gained a mass following, Applewhite frequently excommunicated members for even the most minor infractions.He relied on intimate numbers, and uniformity of the group to strengthen and perpetuate his message. Members all wore baggy clothing, had short hair, and were kept busy performing tasks for the g roup or trying to curb their human nature (http://www. biography. com). In 1995, Applewhite believed the discovery of the Hale-Bopp comet was a sign that a spaceship was coming to take them to the Next Level. Although many do not understand Heaven's Gate's drastic measures of leaving this earth, it is important to note that Applewhite did not subscribe to the typical understanding of suicide.He and subsequently his followers believed that suicide was not taking the opportunity presented to them and instead waiting for the recycling of earth. In 1997, thirty-nine members, including Applewhite, poisoned themselves, wearing armbands and sneakers that said ‘Heaven's Gate Away Team' (http://www. biography. com). Peoples Temple founded by Reverend Jim Jones was meant to help the sick, homeless, and Jobless people of all races. In 1952 Jones Joined the Methodist Church and went on to gain a reputation as a healer and evangelist.However, the church's ack of interest in racial integrat ion forced him to branch out on his own. After building a following by preaching on a local radio program, Jones moved, along with over one hundred church members, to California. People Temple members lived secluded lives in California, but were even further isolated when Jones moved them to a compound he purchased in Guyana (Dolan, 2000). While Applewhite and Moon appealed to their followers desire to belong and salvation, Jones relied heavily on threats and physical imprisonment. Comparable to a prison, followers were given ittle food and were not allowed to leave.Armed guards secured the compound and members were regularly forced to prove their loyalty during suicide drills (http:// www. biography. com). Jim Jones faced a lot of scrutiny for reported widespread abuse to the members. A congressman and three Journalists were killed when they went to investigate the anuse clalms ana attempted to aloe detectors. Altnougn Jones repeatedly tnreatenea mass suicide, it was not until the interference of American congressman Leo Ryan that he followed through. More than nine hundred people, including Jones and over wo hundred and fifty children, committed suicide by lethal beverage (Dolan, 2000).There are varied reasons why people Join cults all over the world. However, it is mostly brought about by lack of one or more social, spiritual and physical satisfaction (Richard, 2010). Social and religious beliefs are evidenced in the above cases. Cult leaders have charisma, and use alienation, exploitation, and totalitarian views to control the behavior of their group (Thoms and Walden, 2007). Propaganda, mass media, and many other ideas are used to create heroic, idealized, and god-like images to influence and create converts.

Israel & the Palestinian Territories Conflict Essay

I. Topic Background The Israel/Palestine conflict ultimately boils down to religious tension, and is part of the larger Arab/Israeli conflict. In 1948, the U.N. partitioned the region of Palestine into two states, one Jewish, and one Arab, to address the ongoing Jewish-Arab tension. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, the Palestinian government did not, and the result was a short-lived civil war which ended with Israel declaring independence on May 14, 1948. For decades after the civil-war, Arab nations refused to recognize Israel’s legitimacy as a nation, and in 1964 formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured the Gaza strip and Jerusalem from Egypt, and West Bank from Jordan. In response, several Arab nations banded together and launched the Yom Kippur War against Israel. No definitive gains were made by either side, however it did lead to the Camp David Accords of 1978, which led to the Egypt-Israeli Treaty. Tensions sparked into violence yet again in 1987 with the First Intifada, in which Palestinians living in Israeli-occupied territory revolted. The First Intifada bore the creation of Hamas, founded by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, an armed resistance establishment that is prevalent in the current Gaza situation. In the Oslo Peace Process of 1993, Israel and the PLO tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a peace agreement. Its failure was credited to the lack of effort on both sides to uphold the conditions established by the process, such as the promised decrease Israeli settlement activity in West Bank and Gaza, and the acceptance of Israel as a legitimate nation. In 2000, the Second Intifada broke out in wake of the failed peace attempt. In 2003, Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon announced a disengagement plan, which constituted the removal of Israeli civilian and military presence in Gaza, to refute the claim that Gaza was an occupied territory. However, the 2006 elections of the Palestinian Legislative Council gave rise to the increased political power of Hamas, which complicated any existing attempts at peace. In  December 2008, Israeli military forces launched Operation Cast Lead in response to repeated mortar attacks from Hamas on Israeli civilian areas. Since then, hundreds of Palestinians have been killed, including hundreds of Palestinian civilians. On January 18th, 2009, a ceasefire took effect, which has put a end to the violence, at least temporarily. II. Past Actions In 1947, the young U.N. partitioned the conflicted region of the British mandate of Palestine into two states, Israel and Palestine. Though the Security Council has â€Å"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security,† it has not been able to address and resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict. The Council has taken no significant action since 1967, when it passed Resolution 242 calling on Israel to relinquish the territories acquired during its war with Syria and Egypt. The UN has condemned Israel for killing civilians in the Gaza Strip. Many resolutions made by the UN to resolve the conflict have been vetoed by the US, including the demand for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza in 2006. The US has repeatedly used its veto power in favor of Israel, and, using its influence, has steered the issue away from the UN agenda. In January 2009, the US again blocked the UN’s demand for an immediate ceasefire. III. Country Policy Since the start of Israel’s aggression in Gaza, our Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has shuttled between Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan and Syria in a proactive attempt to achieve a ceasefire. We have verbally assailed Israel for the killing of Palestinian innocents in Gaza and in general. If any noticeable progress is to be made, Israeli military presence must be withdrawn from the Gaza Strip. Palestinian homes are often bulldozed by Israeli forces in attempts to â€Å"eliminate possible terrorist cover,† even though a majority of the houses contain Palestinian civilians. Practices such as these must be put to an end. Polls taken in Israel and Palestine confirm that Gaza and West Bank are regarded as Palestinian territory, and should remain so. Hamas must end its aggression towards Israel, as rocket attacks are what instigated the Gaza strip conflict of 2008-2009. More importantly, the United States must cooperate with the UN to create a peace resolution, as it has been the blockade of peace attempts dating back many  years due to its pro-Israel bias. The West Bank, an Israeli settlement, is also an obstacle. Now, Erdogan is using contacts with Hamas, and its backers Iran and Syria, and contacts with Israel and the West, to assume a leading role in trying to broker a cease-fire. In regards to the refugees present in Gaza, NGO’s such as Doctors Without Borders and Red Cross could be implemented to ensure no further degradation of human rights takes place. We again stress the need for an effective cease-fire to which both Israel and the territory of Palestine respect, there is little prospect Israel can solve the Gaza crisis solely by military means.

History and Development of Violin Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History and Development of Violin - Term Paper Example While the violin is generally associated with European classical music, the instrument itself first emerged in the 9th century Byzantine Empire. In terms of the first written records of the instrument Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih is noted as the first to write about the instrument. Khurradadhbih noted that the instrument was a bowed Byzantine lira; this geographer compared the violin to a rabab, a similar stringed instrument used by the Byzantines during this time (Sandys 2006). From these early incarnations the violin steadily gained popularity. During the 11th and 12th centuries the instrument gradually gained popularity throughout Europe and general western regions. This period also contains increased written reference to the violin. While it had not yet taken on the contemporary articulations, writers during these centuries frequently referred to the instrument as a fiddle or lira. While the violin would later become the predominant stringed instrument, its acceptance dur ing the 11th and 12th centuries was greatly aided by the spread of a variety of stringed instruments throughout Europe; for instance, rabab gained great prominence during this period of European history (Sandys 2006). Indeed, the modern incarnation of the violin would emerge from a hybridization of many of these stringed instruments. ... While the lira da braccio was originally regarded as the less aristocratic way of playing the instrument, holding the device in the hands would later become the accepted practice, ultimately giving way to the modern incarnation of the violin. The first incarnation of the modern violin emerged in 16th century Italy. The most prominent area for the violin during this period was the Brescia area, as existing documents from the late 16th century note that Brescia was home to hotbed of musical talent. Still, the word violin is recorded as early as 1540 in Italian documents (Sandys 2006). Although there are no surviving violins from this period, there do exist considerable visual depictions of the instrument from the mid-16th century Italian era. In terms of the first maker of the violin, there continues to be considerable debate on the subject. The most pervasive theory is that Andrea Amati constructed the first violin on order from the Medici family who desired the construction of an ins trument that could be used by street musicians. There are a number of prominent considerations when examining the violin’s construction and mechanics. The typical violin consists of a spruce top. This is also referred to as the soundboard. The violin is then composed with maple ribs, a back, two endblocks, a neck, a bridge, a soundpost, four strings, and then a chin rest (Stowell 1993). The violin has an hour-glass shape and is accompanied by a series of other smaller components. In these regards, the violin contains a neck with a fingerboard. The neck is the area where the musician manipulates the strings with their fingers as a means of playing different chords (Stowell 1993). The top of the violin contains what is referred to

Ethics7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics7 - Assignment Example The potential liabilities facing APNs are discussed in the following part. This is considered a nurse’s liability if he or she fails to monitor and assess a change in the patient’s condition and refer it to the patient’s physician. To provide optimal patient care, it is required that nurses have appropriate knowledge, skills and positive attitudes toward pain, its assessment and management. Furthermore, this should be based on the best available evidence in preventing patients from suffering harm (NMC, 2008). It is unacceptable for APNs to have inadequate knowledge about pain or patient to experience unmanaged pain. This is considered a poor understanding of their profession in this aspect of care, and thus held accountable if it happens (Diamond, 2002). The management in a bid to prevent this liability may undertake to teach the staff on the importance of pain management and steps involved. In this case pain can be incorporated as a compulsory component, aimed at equipping nurses with knowledge, skills and attitude to undertake proper pain assessment and management. Since this has worked elsewhere, Wilson perceives the result of this as patients receiving higher standard of pain assessment and management and thus reduce the incidences of unnecessary suffering and prevent potential liabilities (2007). These involve transcription and administrative errors by the APN. Medication errors can cause harm to patients, practitioners, families, systems and the profession. Medical errors may be human-performance based or system based. According to a report in the Archives Internal Medicine, nurses who are interrupted while administering medication have an increased risk of making medication errors. Modest strategies to help reduce interruptions may include easy access to whiteboards or other sources of information. Nurses could were vests with â€Å"do not interrupt" messages on them while conducting medication rounds. This entails failing to notify the

Trust Property Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trust Property Law - Term Paper Example Law of equity and trust confers the provision regarding the trust. It laid down several duties and responsibilities for the trustees. Moreover, there are provisions like co-ownership, proprietary estoppels, fiduciary relationship etc. Apart from this, one of the prominent features of trust is, it can be raised from either trust deed/covenant as said before or by the Will, i.e. a testamentary trust is a trust created by a Will or a codicil to a Will. A testament is a Will. of or includes land and the trustees of such a trust are trustees of land. Any description of trust includes an implied resulting or constructive trust and a bare trust. (1) An implied trust is based on the presumed intention of the parties at the time the property is acquired by the resulting trustee. That is the point at which the contributors' beneficial interests crystallize. The beneficial shares are unaffected by subsequent conduct. This scope of implied trust has been rightly explained in Cowcher v Cowcher (2). Moreover, a trust can be defined as a "land" which includes land of any tenure and property divided either vertically or horizontal (as in the case of a block of flats) and easements but does not include an undivided share in the land. (3)Now we shall scrutinize how far the scope of trust of land and its various ingredients will help to analyze the issues brought up in the given problem.Before deciding the rights of Ayesha and Ben in the property, the meaning and significance of the concept co-ownership and beneficial joint tenants are to be explained. Beneficial joint tenantsCo-ownership (4) is where a person is entitled to hold the land together with others who have simultaneous interests at the same time they are said to hold concurrently. Where ever there is co-ownership there will be a trust of land. There are 2 types of co-ownership 1. Trust of land and Appointment of trustees Act 1996, sub-section (1) (a) 2. Cowcher v Cowcher [1972] 1 WLR 425 (CA) 3. Law of property 1925 Act, Section 205(1) (ix)4. Law of Property Act 1925, Sec 1Â  

The Launching of Credit Card in Romania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Launching of Credit Card in Romania - Essay Example The bank which is launching the card is Alpen bank. The objective of the research is to find out whether the launch of credit card into the country will be worth and whether such a launch will be able to generate the sufficient amount of revenues so that the feasibility of the new product is proved in terms of entry-decision. SWOT analysis is carried out to find out the relevant opportunities and issues about the establishment of new credit card business. Market positioning of the bank is analyzed for the successful establishment of the credit card business. SWOT Analysis Strengths The strength of the bank comes from its affluent customers. Majority of customers of the bank belong to the upper strata of the society. Having affluent customers also means that they are more frequent with the use of credit card and the purchase amount is also high. Weaknesses The major weakness of the credit card business comes because of the low growth potential. The growth potential of credit card busi ness is very low in Romania compared to other emerging markets. Lack of consumer experience in terms of management of credit card and related monetary transaction is another weakness, because of which majority of customers opt for cash transactions. The country has suffered a three year long recession which has affected the life style of the common people. Consumers have become price sensitive and opt for cutting budgets with the objective of saving money. This is a weak link for the credit card business because it is a general perception among consumers that holding credit cards leads to higher amount of purchases as compared to cash purchases. Another issue in credit card business is that, most of the times credit card is used for exclusive cash withdrawals rather than using it for real purpose that it purchase. Apart from this, since credit card business is relatively new and unknown to the customers of Romania, huge investments will be needed with respect of advertising, direct marketing and support infrastructure. Opportunities The opportunities from this credit card business can be explained in terms of the political, social and other related factors affecting the country and the credit card industry as well; Political- legal policies, procedure and other corporate obligations in the country are not very stringent, which will help in the smother transaction of the business. Economic- the economic environment of Romania has improved since 2006, after the country entered into the European Union. Since then, the microeconomic trends have been positive and with the increasing income, the disposable income of the households has also increased. This shows the opportunity of the credit card business to bank on the increased economic conditions of the country. Socio-cultural- with the increase in the economic status, it is expected that one third of the Romanian population will prefer branded products. This will increase the overall use of credit cards in the co untry. Technological- with the advent of globalization, more are more companies have stated to market their products and services into more emerging and developing markets. As the availability of technology has become cheaper and readily available, the credit card business can tap on this opportunity. Since credit card business will need technological assistance, the company can use the latest technology available to gain a sustainable competitive advantage over the competitors. Environmental- the use of credit cards is totally free from creating environmental hazards. The use of online transactions will also decrease the use of paper which will influence the environment in a positive manner. Threats Similarly, the threats from this credit

Choosing the Right School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choosing the Right School - Essay Example Therefore, the selection of a school is one of the most important decisions in the life of an individual. This paper discusses some of the factors that need to be taken into consideration while selecting for studying in up to a certain level. the paper addresses the concerns of adolescents, so they are primarily the audience for this paper. There are several factors that need to be considered while evaluating the choices available. An individual can not always decide to join a particular school of its quality of education is good because he/she might not be able to afford the expenses of the school. Schools that have a good reputation among the public and are known for their quality of education are generally quite expensive. An individual needs to select a school that has a good reputation and is also affordable. Affordability and quality are difficult to achieve in the same school, though the school that offers optimum benefits should be selected. The first and foremost trait one l ooks for in a school is the quality of education. The quality of education depends upon the level of commitment of the school administration and the whole staff of the school with their duties and responsibilities in the school. The quality is not merely an outcome of the selection of curriculum. In many schools, the curriculum is quite rich and thoughtfully designed, yet it does little to improve the intellect of the children. The real determinants of the quality of education are the tutors. Some teachers are so committed to their job that they encourage the students to approach them out of the regular duty hours if they have any problems, in education or otherwise. They do not even mind if the students come up with personal problems that have no educational significance. They are the spiritual guides and counselors of students in addition to being their teachers. In the company and under supervision of such a teacher, students tend to build strong ties with the education and take interest in the studies. This essentially speaks of the quality of education. In addition to the teachers, the school administration also plays a fundamental role in determining the quality of education. They may or may not participate directly in the education, but they have an important duty of establishing the educational setup, which has both direct and indirect impacts on the education. An individual should consult the students and their parents regarding these factors in a school before deciding to join it. Another factor that has a lot of weight in the consideration of a school for joining is the distance of the school from an individual’s home. The expenses of a school can significantly increase if the school is far away from the home because of the additional charges of transport to the school. Some people tend to live in a hostel in order to study in a particular school of their choice which has its own repercussions. Life in a hostel can be very unsuitable for some people. Living in a hostel is totally different from living in the home while studying. There are so many distractions in the culture of a hostel that an individual may find it very difficult to concentrate upon the studies while living in the hostel. In a hostel, the individual may have to share his/her room with others which can have negative impact on the individual’s tendency to gain education. Quite often, people acquire negative habits when they start to live in the hostel like smoking and drinking under the

My View on Evolution Essay Example for Free

My View on Evolution Essay The creation versus evolution debate is a recurring cultural, political, and theological dispute. As a result, Americans have spent a great deal of time in debate about the origins of the Earth, humanity, life, and the universe. Personally, I believe the world is billions of years old, and that all life on earth evolved. I will attempt to provide concrete facts, logical arguments, and solid evidence supporting my view on evolution. With that said, I will also share my personal intuitions and feelings that have led me to believe in evolution. Lastly, I will make a closing argument as to why you should support evolution as well based on the information presented in my paper. Logically, evolution makes sense to me for many reasons. On the other hand, creationists generally use the Bible as their main doctrine in backing up their argument for creation. However, I believe the Bible, alone, is not enough. With any legitimate argument, multiple sources of evidence are always needed. While I could list a dozen things that serve as real-life evidence that evolution is true, I will narrow them down to just two. The first piece of evidence that supports the idea of evolution is genetics. The DNA in our cells reflects each individual’s unique identity and how closely related we are to one another. The same can be said for relationships among organisms. DNA is the molecule that makes up an organism’s genome in the nucleus of every cell. It consists of genes, which are the molecular codes for proteins and the building blocks of our tissues and their functions. Furthermore, DNA shapes how an organism grows up and the physiology of its blood, bone, and brains (Lunine, 163). Thus, DNA is especially important to the study of evolution. Again, DNA tells us how closely or distantly related we are. With that in mind, think about this. The genetic difference between individual humans is minuscule, at about 0.1%, on average. Compared to human studies, a chimpanzee’s genome indicates a difference of only about 1.2%. The bonobo, which is the close cousin of chimpanzees, and gorillas, another of the African apes, is about 1.6%. Subsequently, it can be concluded that humans are not only related to the great apes, but that we are apes. No matter what the numbers are, the big point still holds. Humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos are more closely related to one another than any other primates. Throughout history, evolutionists have argued that the DNA of humans and apes show that our species and chimpanzees diverged from a common ancestor. Interestingly enough, apes were found to be existent about 17 million years before humans were even around (Moreland, 231). Therefore, the last common ancestors to fit this profile were monkeys and apes. Some evolutionists would see this information as clear evidence of a human evolutionary tree which is strongly rooted within the great apes. The second piece of evidence comes from fossils. If you look at the fossil record, you find a succession of organisms that suggest a history of incremental development from one species to another. You see very simple organisms at first and then new, more complex organisms appearing over time. Moreover, the characteristics of newer organisms frequently appear to be modified forms of characteristics of older organisms (Rieppel, 172). The succession of life forms, from simpler to more complex ones, also shows a relationship between new life forms and those that preceded them. Many evolutionists have made strong speculations of these findings, concluding that this is definitely evidence of evolution. In addition, fossil evidence is even more unique to the argument for evolution because it doesn’t stand alone. In fact, evolution becomes even more compelling when combined with other forms of evidence. For instance, the fossil record is consistent in terms of biogeography. This is paramount, because you would expect that the fossil record would be in harmony with current biogeography and ancient geography, if evolution is true. This also holds truth when examining the anatomy and biochemistry of living species. It appeared that the general order of development for the major types of vertebrate animals was: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and then mammals. If current species developed as a result of common descent, then the fossil record would show the same order of development. Sure enough, the fossil record does show the same order of development. Consequently, fossils and its converging evidence make fossils even more plausible in arguing evolution from common descent (Rieppel, 209). Lastly, I will share my personal feelings towards evolution. Personally, I feel many Christians disagree with the evolution theory, largely because they believe it contradicts the Bible. Yet, many Christians disagree with each other about the basic principles of Christianity. In my opinion, if a Christian doesn’t believe something to be true, they immediately find a way to say how that argument â€Å"contradicts the Bible†. However, the Bible is not always specific, nor is it clear in revealing the truth. In many cases, it almost appears to be written for our own interpretation, which brings me to my point. How can evolution be wrong if everything is based on interpretation? Essentially, I believe in evolution because my interpretation of life and literature, as well as my personal intuition, has led me to believe this. At the same time, my interpretation of the Bible and the book of Genesis is that it’s nothing more than poetry. Christians might see genetics, DNA, and fossils as evidence for creation. My interpretation has caused me to see these things as evidence for evolution. My point is this: everyone’s view is different, because everyone’s interpretation is different. When it comes to this debate, neither creationism nor evolution is a winner. There are many arguments to be made such as: Biblical truth, fossils, molecular biology, DNA, etc. All in all, there is no scientific evidence to prove either one. Evolutionism is based solely on scientific reasoning. Based on science, evolution has yet to be proven right or wrong. Creationism is based on religion and faith. Based on the Bible, creationism cannot be proven true or false either. The best way solve this, in my opinion, is to go with what you feel. With that being said, many people, including myself, feel that evolution is true. Works Cited Books * Lunine, Jonathan Irving, and Cynthia J. Lunine. Earth, Evolution of a Habitable World. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr, 1999. Print. * Rieppel, Olivier. Evolutionary Theory and the Creation Controversy. Chicago: Springer, 2010. eBook * Moreland, J.P., and John Mark Reynolds. Three Views on Creation and Evolution. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1999. Print. Articles * Ellen, Roy. Dangerous Fictions and Degrees of Plausibility: Creationism, Evolution, and Anthropology. Anthropology Today. 18. (2002): 3-8. Web Resources * Creation versus Evolution. Clarifying Christianity. N.P., 2001. Web. http://www.clarifyingchristianity.com/creation.shtml.